Gastro-intestinal and GU Flashcards
symptoms of classical coeliac disease in children
- anorexia, weight loss
- abdominal distension and wasting
- chronic diarrhoea
AB treatment of UTI (NO associated pyelonephritis)
trimethoprim OR cephalexin
enuresis is usually caused by a combination of which 3 things
- high nocturnal urine production
- small nocturnal functional bladder capacity
- poor arousal from sleep to a full bladder
mainstay treatment of enuresis
bed wetting alarms
what are the 2 major complications of dysfunctional voiding and overactive bladder
- increased UTI risk
- detrusor hypertrophy and hyperplasia –> small capacity bladder –> elevated bladder pressures and VU reflux
when do children usually grow out of cows milk allergy
proctitis and enteropathy - 6-12 months
enterocolitis - 3-4 years
symptoms of GORD in infants
- pronounced irritability
- refusal to feed
- weight loss
- haematemasis
- chronic cough
- apnoea
potential complications of bacterial gastroenteritis
- bacteraemia
- secondary infection –> pneumonia, ostemyelitis, meningitis
- Reiter’s syndrome
- HUS
- Gullain-Barre
- reactive arthropathy
- haemorrhagic colitis
difference between monosymptomatic and nonmonosymptomatic enuresis
- mono - night wetting without daytime urinary Sx
- nonmono - night wetting + any daytime lower urinary tract symptoms
how do you diagnose dysfunctional voiding or overactive bladder
uroflow
reflux in infants peaks at what age
3-4 months
clinical presentation of cows milk induced proctitis
well baby
mild diarrhoea
small amounts of bloody stools
difference between reflux and GORD
GORD leads to long term compications
3 features on histology of coeliac disease
villour atrophy
crypt hyperplasia
raised intra-epithelial lymphocytosis
treatment of Clostridium difficile
vancomycin or metronidazole
definition of enuresis
wetting while asleep after age 5
pharmacological treatment of enuresis
- desmopressin
- anticholinergics - if overactive bladder
clinical presentation of cows milk induced enteropathy
unwell miserable baby vomiting chronic diarrhoea abdominal distension FTT oedema
what is the most common age of Coeliac disease presentation in children
9-18 months
risk factors for UTI in childhood
- previous UTI
- structural abnormality of the renal tract
- vesico-ureteric reflux
- strong family history
most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children
rotavirus
AB treatment of suspected pyelonephritis
benzyl penicillin + gentamycin
clinical presentation of cows milk induced enterocolitis
acutely unwell baby profuse vomiting 2-4 hours after ingestion abdominal distension bloody diarrhoea FTT \+/- CVS collapse
3 manifestations of cows milk protein allergy and what ages doe they normally occur
proctitis - early infancy
enteropathy - early infancy
enterocolitis - from weeks to months of age
what is the major cause of encopresis
functional faecal retention secondary to fear of defecation –> hyposensitivity to signals –> intermittent relaxation of external anal sphincter –> overflow and unexpected faecal leakage
risk factors for GORD in children
cerebral palsy
down syndrome
CF
upper GI malformations
difference between primary and secondary enuresis
- primary = never have been dry continuously for at least 6 months
- secondary = have relapsed after a period of dryness of at least 6 months
when should you perform an ultrasound on a child with a UTI
- not responding to AB
- ## all boys
antibodies associated with coeliac disease
anti-transglutaminase
anti-gliadin
which cancer is associated with untreated coeliac disease
intestinal enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma
definition of encopresis
faecal incontinence in a child >4 years at least once per month for 3 months
what are some tips to help parents with reflux in their infants
- place baby in prone position after feeding
- avoid over-feeding
- avoid aerophagia
- try small more frequent feeds
what is special about the timing of adenovirus gastroenteritis
the diarrhoea can last >14 days
