Vaccination Flashcards
The development of antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation
Active immunity
transferred protection through performed antibodies produced by another individual
Passive Immunity
Vaccination is what type of Immunity
Active immunity
Prefomed antibodies is what type of Immunity
Passive Immunity
time scale for active immunity
long duration of protection with a delayed onset
time scale for passive immunity
Immediate onset
short duration of protection- doesnt give memory to cell
Advantage of passive immunity
Immeidate protection
Disadvantage of passive immunity
no long term protection
serum sickness
risk of infection (Hepatits, HIV)
graft vs host disease (cell graft only)
Natural passive Immunity exampes
Placental transfer of IgG
Colostral transfer of IgA
Artificial passive Immunity examples
injection of Antibodies or immunoglobulins and Immune cells
How is the infant born with some kind of immune system
lots of Maternal IgG at birth
then at 6th months the Maternal IgG goes away and the newborn IgG replaces it due to exposures and vaccines
Clinical signification of IgM and IgG
IgM high: recent/acute infection
IgG high: immunity and memory or chronic
Process of induction of immunity to a pathogen by deliberate injection of a weakened, modified or related form of the pathogen which is no longer pathogenic
Vaccination
what did Edward Jenner do to discover smallpox vaccine, immunological memory, and cross presentation
noticed that if you got small pox once, you didnt get it again and if you get coxpox(mild small pox) you also wouldnt get smallpox in the future
gave coxpox hand puss to a kid by putting it in a cut. Then he exposed the kid to smallpox. The kid never got small pox( it was very mild)
The principle behind the smallpox vaccine
Cowpox and Smallpox share some surface antigens
Immunization with cowpox induces antibodies against cowbox surface antigens
Cowpox antibodies bind to and neutralize the smallpox virus
substances when mixed with an immunogen enhances the immune response
Immunologic adjuvants
result of Immunologic adjuvants
Prolongs antigen persistence
Enhances co-stimulatory signals
Induces germinal center formation
Stimulates Lymphocyte proliferations
how does an immunologic adjuvants prolong antigen persistence
slows release of antigens at the injection site
how does an immunologic adjuvant enhance co-stimulatory signals
Increased expression of MHC and B7 molecules
Secretes cytokines
what is needed to turn on a robust activation by a vaccine
Immunologic adjuvants
why does a vaccine not make a robust immune response
doesnt have all the danger signals present
Are Immunologic adjuvants good across all species
different depend on species
Adimal Immunologic Adjuvant
Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, oil-in water emulsion)
Human Immunologic Adjuvant
Alum (aluminum hydroxide) only adjuvant used for human vaccines in the US
Modern Adjuvants
TLR agonists (CpG), Cytokines (GM-CSF, IL2)
How the Immune system responds in a vaccine
Dendritic cells pick up the antigen and cary it to the lymph node
there it activates the T cells and B cells leading to a primary response and antibodies in the blood
Goes back to tissue and makes a response as a memory ( in addition to effector cells)
where does the primary response occur for a vaccineation
in the lymph node (or spleen)
where do b cells mature and helper t cells in the lymph node
in the germinal centers
where does the secondary response occur
doesnt have to occure in the lymph node and bone marrow
where does the priamry response occur
in the spleen or lymph node
Types of Vaccines
Live, Attenuated vaccine Inactivated Vaccines Subunit vaccines Toxoid vaccines Conjugate Vaccines DNA vaccines Recombinant vector vacines
Vaccine the contains a version of the living microbe that has been weaken in the lab so it cannot cause disease
Live, Attenuated Vaccine
what vaccine is closest to a natural infection
Live, Attenuated
strength of response to Live, Attenuated vaccine
robust Immune response (strong cellular (CD4 and CD8))
strong antibody response (long-lived memory B cells)
length of immunty for live, attenuated vaccines
lifelong immunity with 1 or 2 doses
disadvantage of Live, attenuated vaccine
possibility of reversion toa virulent form
Safety Concerns
Must be refrigerated
Contraindications for Live, attenuated vaccine
Very young
Very old
People with damaged or weakened immune system (Chemo or HIV)
Why is a big deal that Live, attenuated vaccines are refrigerated
Shipping/storage
Developing countries
why are live, attenuated vaccines easy to create
Small number of genes
Easier to control characteristics
how to make live attenuated vaccines
put virus in a bad envirnoment that they don’t survive well in
Virus mutates to survive in new environment, and therefor is no longer nirulent to natural human host
How are viruses inactivated to create inactivated vaccines
Chem
Heat
Radiation
Advantage of Inactivated vaccines over live vaccines
More stable
why are inactivated vaccines seen as more stable
Microbes can’t mutate back to their disease causign state
no need to refrigerate
why are inactivated vaccines good for developing nations
can easily be stored and transported in a freeze-dried form since they don’t require refrigeration
Disadvantage of Inactivated Vaccines
Stimulate a weak immune system response ( need addition doses, or booster shots, to maintain immune)
why are inactivated vaccines not great for people with out regular access to health care
need booster shots
vaccines that include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system
Subunit vaccine
The antigens that best stimulate the immune system
Immunodominant epitope
advantage of subunit vacccines
Chances of adverse ractions to the vaccine is low
why does a subunit vaccine have a low chance of adverse reactiosn
No live microbes
Less microbial particles
Antigen # in subunit vaccines
1-20 antigens
difficulty in making subunit vaccines
Identify which antigen best stimulate the immune system is a tricky time consuming process
how can a subunit vaccine be made
miCrobes broken down into multiple antigenic component
Antigen molecules from the microbe can be manufactured using recombinant DNA tech
Vaccines produced by antigen molecules from the mcirobe using recombinant DNA
REcombinant subunit vaccines
what VIrus is vaccinated against using recombinant subunit vaccines
Hep B virus
when would you use a toxoid vaccine
for bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chem (when bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness)
How to inactivate a toxin for a Toxoid vaccine
Treating with formalin
what is Formalin
Solution of formaldehyde and sterlized water
detoxified toxins
Toxoids
what does Formalin remove to turn a toxin to a toxoid
Removed Toxin moiety but leaves the antigenic determinants ( leads to immune response without toxicity)
what diseases are treated with toxoid vaccines
Diphtheria and tetanus
what type of bacteria may be difficult for the immune system to detect
Encapsulated bacteria because the polysaccharises help evade immune detection
When are Conjugate vaccines used
Against Encapsulated Bacteria
How does a COnjugate vaccine work
Take part of the bacteria unique to microorganism and conjugate it to a polysaccharide to help the immune system recognize it better
example of a conjugate vaccine
Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib)
What does Vaccination programs rely on
Herd immunity
what defines the level of herd immunity required
disease virulence
Transmissibility
Vaccine efficay
what percentage is ideal for a population for vaccines
95% (protects those who have yet to vaccinated or immunized
under vaccination cause
low access to helath care
un vacccination cause
Choice or cannot take vaccines
what plays in the roll of why or why not a child will be vaccinated
Religion belief Health belief socioeconomic status Education Personal Experience Relationship with provider
