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micro exam 3 > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

The development of antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation

A

Active immunity

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2
Q

transferred protection through performed antibodies produced by another individual

A

Passive Immunity

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3
Q

Vaccination is what type of Immunity

A

Active immunity

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4
Q

Prefomed antibodies is what type of Immunity

A

Passive Immunity

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5
Q

time scale for active immunity

A

long duration of protection with a delayed onset

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6
Q

time scale for passive immunity

A

Immediate onset

short duration of protection- doesnt give memory to cell

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7
Q

Advantage of passive immunity

A

Immeidate protection

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8
Q

Disadvantage of passive immunity

A

no long term protection
serum sickness
risk of infection (Hepatits, HIV)
graft vs host disease (cell graft only)

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9
Q

Natural passive Immunity exampes

A

Placental transfer of IgG

Colostral transfer of IgA

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10
Q

Artificial passive Immunity examples

A

injection of Antibodies or immunoglobulins and Immune cells

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11
Q

How is the infant born with some kind of immune system

A

lots of Maternal IgG at birth

then at 6th months the Maternal IgG goes away and the newborn IgG replaces it due to exposures and vaccines

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12
Q

Clinical signification of IgM and IgG

A

IgM high: recent/acute infection

IgG high: immunity and memory or chronic

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13
Q

Process of induction of immunity to a pathogen by deliberate injection of a weakened, modified or related form of the pathogen which is no longer pathogenic

A

Vaccination

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14
Q

what did Edward Jenner do to discover smallpox vaccine, immunological memory, and cross presentation

A

noticed that if you got small pox once, you didnt get it again and if you get coxpox(mild small pox) you also wouldnt get smallpox in the future
gave coxpox hand puss to a kid by putting it in a cut. Then he exposed the kid to smallpox. The kid never got small pox( it was very mild)

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15
Q

The principle behind the smallpox vaccine

A

Cowpox and Smallpox share some surface antigens
Immunization with cowpox induces antibodies against cowbox surface antigens
Cowpox antibodies bind to and neutralize the smallpox virus

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16
Q

substances when mixed with an immunogen enhances the immune response

A

Immunologic adjuvants

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17
Q

result of Immunologic adjuvants

A

Prolongs antigen persistence
Enhances co-stimulatory signals
Induces germinal center formation
Stimulates Lymphocyte proliferations

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18
Q

how does an immunologic adjuvants prolong antigen persistence

A

slows release of antigens at the injection site

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19
Q

how does an immunologic adjuvant enhance co-stimulatory signals

A

Increased expression of MHC and B7 molecules

Secretes cytokines

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20
Q

what is needed to turn on a robust activation by a vaccine

A

Immunologic adjuvants

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21
Q

why does a vaccine not make a robust immune response

A

doesnt have all the danger signals present

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22
Q

Are Immunologic adjuvants good across all species

A

different depend on species

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23
Q

Adimal Immunologic Adjuvant

A

Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, oil-in water emulsion)

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24
Q

Human Immunologic Adjuvant

A

Alum (aluminum hydroxide) only adjuvant used for human vaccines in the US

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25
Q

Modern Adjuvants

A

TLR agonists (CpG), Cytokines (GM-CSF, IL2)

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26
Q

How the Immune system responds in a vaccine

A

Dendritic cells pick up the antigen and cary it to the lymph node
there it activates the T cells and B cells leading to a primary response and antibodies in the blood
Goes back to tissue and makes a response as a memory ( in addition to effector cells)

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27
Q

where does the primary response occur for a vaccineation

A

in the lymph node (or spleen)

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28
Q

where do b cells mature and helper t cells in the lymph node

A

in the germinal centers

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29
Q

where does the secondary response occur

A

doesnt have to occure in the lymph node and bone marrow

30
Q

where does the priamry response occur

A

in the spleen or lymph node

31
Q

Types of Vaccines

A 
Live, Attenuated vaccine
Inactivated Vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Conjugate Vaccines
DNA vaccines
Recombinant vector vacines
32
Q

Vaccine the contains a version of the living microbe that has been weaken in the lab so it cannot cause disease

A

Live, Attenuated Vaccine

33
Q

what vaccine is closest to a natural infection

A

Live, Attenuated

34
Q

strength of response to Live, Attenuated vaccine

A

robust Immune response (strong cellular (CD4 and CD8))

strong antibody response (long-lived memory B cells)

35
Q

length of immunty for live, attenuated vaccines

A

lifelong immunity with 1 or 2 doses

36
Q

disadvantage of Live, attenuated vaccine

A

possibility of reversion toa virulent form
Safety Concerns
Must be refrigerated

37
Q

Contraindications for Live, attenuated vaccine

A

Very young
Very old
People with damaged or weakened immune system (Chemo or HIV)

38
Q

Why is a big deal that Live, attenuated vaccines are refrigerated

A

Shipping/storage

Developing countries

39
Q

why are live, attenuated vaccines easy to create

A

Small number of genes

Easier to control characteristics

40
Q

how to make live attenuated vaccines

A

put virus in a bad envirnoment that they don’t survive well in
Virus mutates to survive in new environment, and therefor is no longer nirulent to natural human host

41
Q

How are viruses inactivated to create inactivated vaccines

A

Chem
Heat
Radiation

42
Q

Advantage of Inactivated vaccines over live vaccines

A

More stable

43
Q

why are inactivated vaccines seen as more stable

A

Microbes can’t mutate back to their disease causign state

no need to refrigerate

44
Q

why are inactivated vaccines good for developing nations

A

can easily be stored and transported in a freeze-dried form since they don’t require refrigeration

45
Q

Disadvantage of Inactivated Vaccines

A

Stimulate a weak immune system response ( need addition doses, or booster shots, to maintain immune)

46
Q

why are inactivated vaccines not great for people with out regular access to health care

A

need booster shots

47
Q

vaccines that include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system

A

Subunit vaccine

48
Q

The antigens that best stimulate the immune system

A

Immunodominant epitope

49
Q

advantage of subunit vacccines

A

Chances of adverse ractions to the vaccine is low

50
Q

why does a subunit vaccine have a low chance of adverse reactiosn

A

No live microbes

Less microbial particles

51
Q

Antigen # in subunit vaccines

A

1-20 antigens

52
Q

difficulty in making subunit vaccines

A

Identify which antigen best stimulate the immune system is a tricky time consuming process

53
Q

how can a subunit vaccine be made

A

miCrobes broken down into multiple antigenic component

Antigen molecules from the microbe can be manufactured using recombinant DNA tech

54
Q

Vaccines produced by antigen molecules from the mcirobe using recombinant DNA

A

REcombinant subunit vaccines

55
Q

what VIrus is vaccinated against using recombinant subunit vaccines

A

Hep B virus

56
Q

when would you use a toxoid vaccine

A

for bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chem (when bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness)

57
Q

How to inactivate a toxin for a Toxoid vaccine

A

Treating with formalin

58
Q

what is Formalin

A

Solution of formaldehyde and sterlized water

59
Q

detoxified toxins

A

Toxoids

60
Q

what does Formalin remove to turn a toxin to a toxoid

A

Removed Toxin moiety but leaves the antigenic determinants ( leads to immune response without toxicity)

61
Q

what diseases are treated with toxoid vaccines

A

Diphtheria and tetanus

62
Q

what type of bacteria may be difficult for the immune system to detect

A

Encapsulated bacteria because the polysaccharises help evade immune detection

63
Q

When are Conjugate vaccines used

A

Against Encapsulated Bacteria

64
Q

How does a COnjugate vaccine work

A

Take part of the bacteria unique to microorganism and conjugate it to a polysaccharide to help the immune system recognize it better

65
Q

example of a conjugate vaccine

A

Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib)

66
Q

What does Vaccination programs rely on

A

Herd immunity

67
Q

what defines the level of herd immunity required

A

disease virulence
Transmissibility
Vaccine efficay

68
Q

what percentage is ideal for a population for vaccines

A

95% (protects those who have yet to vaccinated or immunized

69
Q

under vaccination cause

A

low access to helath care

70
Q

un vacccination cause

A

Choice or cannot take vaccines

71
Q

what plays in the roll of why or why not a child will be vaccinated

A 
Religion belief
Health belief
socioeconomic status
Education
Personal Experience
Relationship with provider

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

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