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micro exam 3 > anti-viral immunity > Flashcards

anti-viral immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the innate immune system

A

everything from your skin, bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, tears, pH, micro-organisms that live on and in body

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2
Q

2 parts of the immune system

A

Natural- what you are born with

educated - what has to be developed and taught how to fight

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3
Q

parts of the innate immune system

A

Barriers (epithelial barriers)
Phagocytes
macrophages
NK cells

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4
Q

the initial attempt to stop the bacteria from getting in and establishing an infection

A

Innate immunity

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5
Q

what cell appears first in a bacterial infection

A

a neutrophil

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6
Q

what cell appears first in a viral infection

A

NK cell

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7
Q

how does Innate and Adpative immunity work together

A

Innate sets up the stage and then adaptive goes in and destroys shit

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8
Q

what T cells are absolutely criticial for fighting Viral infections

A

CD8+

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9
Q

what cell is needed to active CD8+ cells so they can fight viral infections

A

Helper t cells (CD4)

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10
Q

what part of adaptive immunity is needed to fight viral infections

A

all parts

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11
Q

what do CD4 (helper T cells) make

A

make cytokines

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12
Q

importance of cytokines

A

without, you cannot effectively fight viral infection

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13
Q

what type of Immunity protects agianst infection

A

both innate and adaptive

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14
Q

what type of immunity eradicates an established infection

A

both Innate and adaptive

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15
Q

what is essential for the innate immune system to begin work

A

the cytokines made by the NK cells in addition partly to the T cells cytokines

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16
Q

Roll of Type I interferon (IFN)

A

directly neutralize a virus by coating and binding to the Virus
bind to cell and turn on machinery that makes that cell resist the virus

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17
Q

how does an interferon block viruses from infecting

A

keep cells from taking up the virus in the first place

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18
Q

how does adaptive immunity protect from infection

A

B cells make antibodys that bind to the virus and neurtralize it

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19
Q

what antibody isotype is important for antibody neutralization

A

IgG and IgA( IgA is in mucal secretions)

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20
Q

how does innate immunity eradicate an established infection

A

NK cells induce appoptosis of infected cells

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21
Q

how does adaptive immunity eradicate established infection

A

CD8+ CTL induce apoptosis of infected cells

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22
Q

what must the body do in order to fight infection

A

it must be able to realize that it has been infected

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23
Q

why must a virus replicate within cells

A

they cannot generate energy or synthesize proteins on their own

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24
Q

what kind of parasite are viruses

A

can only reproduce within cells: Obligate intracellular parasites

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25
Q

where in the Cell does it detect most bacterial infections

A

on the outside of the cell

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26
Q

where are receptors that sense viruses located

A

inside of the cell

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27
Q

Toll like receptors sense

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

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28
Q

what do toll like recptors do when the sense a pathogen

A

tell the cell to start doing shit

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29
Q

what cytokine is important for fighting viral infections

A

interferon

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30
Q

what is a PAMP for a virus

A

Viral DS RNA
VIral single stranded RNA
Viral and bacterial unmethylated CpG DNA

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31
Q

what happens to the TLR when it binds to a PAMP

A

it becomes phosphoralated leading to a signal transduction pathway and recruitment of transcription factors

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32
Q

what would a cell make if something binds to a TLR and it heads down the signal transduction pathway

A 
inflammatory cytokines
Chemokines
Endothelial Adhesion molecules
Costimulatory molecules
Antiviral cytokines
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33
Q

Cytokine that makes a chemical gradient telling cells to come here

A

Chemokines

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34
Q

what parts of the innate immune resposne are common to all pathogens

A

Phagocytosis and kiling of microbes
Antigen presentation
Cytokine production to induce inflammation and reactive endothelium

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35
Q

does the innate immune system repond the same to all intracellular pathogens

A

No (especillay viruses)- regulation of genes to turn on interferon alpha and beta

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36
Q

what comprises a large group of IFN proteins

A

Human type I interferons

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37
Q

what does the name interferon come from

A

Interfering with a virion

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38
Q

the two important types of anti-viral type I interferons

A

Interferon-alpha and Interferon-beta

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39
Q

Types of IFN-alpha proteins

A

13 subtypes called (IFNA 1, IFNA 2…)

40
Q

types of functionally active IFN-beta proteins

A

1 functionally active type

41
Q

what is the most potent stimulus for IFNs

A

Viral nucleic acids as detected by pattern recognition receptors (dsRNA, ssRNA, unmethylated CpG DNA)- internal toll like receptors

42
Q

where are Homologous molecules to IFN-alpha/beta

A

in many specifies (most mammals) also birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

43
Q

functions of Type I INF

A

inhibits viral replication and inhibits viral protein synthesis

44
Q

how does INF stop viruses from infecting new cells

A

induces the synthesis of proteins that are able to inhibit protein sysnthesis and also degrade viral mRNA

45
Q

what must the immune system kill to kill an intracellular pathogen

A

must kill host cell infected with intracellular pathogens

46
Q

what cells are involved in killing infected host cells

A

Cytotoxic T cell

Natural KIller Cell

47
Q

what does a Natural Killer Cell kill

A

Kills a stressed cell(going to become a tumor) and Infected cell

48
Q

what percentage of Leukocytes are NK cells

A

5-15%

49
Q

Primary job of NK cells

A

Kill Virally infected (or tumor) cells)

Produce cytokines important for infection

50
Q

are NK cell MHC restricted

A

no

51
Q

What part of the immune system are NK cells because they are not MHC restricted

A

they are part of the innate immune response

52
Q

can NK cells develop a memory response

A

No, because they are innate immunity

53
Q

Big difference between NK and T cells

A

NK is non-specific( has non-specific receptors)

54
Q

What does a T cell need in order to see an antigen

A

It need the antigen presented via MHC by an antigen presenting cell

55
Q

what on cells deals with tissue compatability

A

MHC

56
Q

How can NK cells kill target cell

A

the death receptor

Granule-dependent pathways (Perforin and GRanzymes)

57
Q

why would a target cell have a death receptors

A

if it knows its infected or is about to become tumor if will up-regulate the receptors

58
Q

ligands from NK cells binding to the Death receptor leads to

A

apoptosis in the target cell

59
Q

when does the NK or T cell release Granules

A

contact dependent to the Target cell

60
Q

what does the Granul perferin do

A

pokes holes in the target cell

61
Q

difference between Apoptosis and Necrosis

A

Apoptosis is planned cell death (ordered)

Necrosis is unplanned cell death (unordered)

62
Q

Death Receptor

A

FasL on NK cell binds to FasR(death Domaine) on Target cell.
This initiates the phosphorylation that tells the cell to die

63
Q

Cytotoxic Granuoules Pathway

A

Cytoxic GRanules are made and released because of sensing a problem.
Vescicles containing Cytotoxic Granules release contents due to contact with Target cell.
Perforin creates a hole in the Target cell
Release of Granzymes
Granzymes cause phorsphoylation pathway turning on Caspase pathway leading to cell death via the death receptors

64
Q

what is Immmunologic memory a property of

A

B and T lymphocytes

65
Q

when is Immunologic memory acquired

A

after Primary (initial) exposure to a given Ag

66
Q

what does Immunologic memory hep with

A

faster and more robust secondary response after a subsequent exposure

67
Q

why do vaccines work

A

Immunologic memory

68
Q

why do individuals rarely suffer from the same disease twice

A

Immunologic memory

69
Q

Can you transfer a primary response

A

can be transferred by a small lymphocytes

70
Q

How do All T cell recognize Ag

A

via the T cell receptor (TCR)

71
Q

Begore TCR can recognize an Ag it must be

A

Processed by the antigen presenting cell

Presented by the Antigen presenting cell

72
Q

What is done in processing an Ag by an Antigen presenting cell

A

Ag is broken down into short fragments (peptides)

73
Q

how can an antigen presenting cell present and Ag

A

MHC I - viral

MHC II - bacterial

74
Q

Do B cells require an Ag to be presented to them

A

no, they do not, since B cells have membrane bound Ig that can recognize the Ag in its native form

75
Q

what cells have MHC I

A

Constitutively present on virtually all nucleated cells in the body

76
Q

what do MHC I cell present

A

endogenous Ag ( critical for immunity to viruses)

77
Q

who does MHC I cells normally present to

A

to cytotoxic T cell

78
Q

what cells have MHC II

A

Constitutively expressed on professional APC’s (Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B cells)

79
Q

what is MHC II critcal for activation of

A

Naive T cells

80
Q

regulation of MHC II

A

up-regulated on infected cells

81
Q

what does MHC II present

A

exogenous Ag ( critical for immunity to bacterial)

82
Q

who does MHC II present Ag to

A

Helper T cells

83
Q

Effector function (what happens) if Th Cells are activated

A

Cytokine Secretion

84
Q

Importance of Cytokine secretions from Th cells

A

Activation of macrophages
Activation and enhanced Ab production by B cells
Activation and enhanced kill of Cytotoxic T cells

85
Q

what cytokine does Th cells secrete to activate macrophages

A

Th Cells make IFN-gamma

86
Q

what cytokine does Th cells secrete to activate and enhance Ab production by B cells

A

Th cells makes IL-4 and other cytokines

87
Q

what cytokine does Th cells secrete to activate and enhance killing of cytotoxic T cells

A

Th cells make IFN- gamma

88
Q

Effector function of cytotoxic T cells

A

Killing of Infected or Tumor Transformed cells

Cytokine Secretion

89
Q

how does A Cytotixic T cell kill infected or tumor transformed cells

A

Perforin

Granzmes

90
Q

What cytokines do Cytotoxic T cells secrete

A

IFN-gamma

Tumor Necrosis Factor- TNF-alph

91
Q

action of TNF-alpha

A

Aids in th cytolytic process

92
Q

what is needed for a Cytotoxic T cell to release Granules for killing a target cell

A

TCR binding to MHC I on target

93
Q

how can virally infected cells be killed

A

Specific T cell cytotoxicity
Killer activated recetpor-mediated cytotoxicity
downregulation of Killer inhibitory receptor (located on tissue)
Antibody Dependent cellular Cytotixicity

94
Q

how does something die via a Killer inhibitory receptor

A

NK cell sees a cell presenting a Killer inhibiotry receptor, it will inhibit the killing pathways

95
Q

Antigbody dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

A

Antibody bonds to the antigen of a virus infected cell.

FcR from a NK cells binds to the Fc portion of an antibody that is bond to the antigen of a virus infected cell

96
Q

Immune Responses Against Viruses over time

A 
IFN-alpha and beta peak
NK cells peak
Virus Titer Peaks
Virus specific CTLs peak and plateau then fall
Antibody peak

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

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