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micro exam 3 > Respiratory VIruses > Flashcards

Respiratory VIruses Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of viruses does Rhinovirus replicate like

A

Poliovirus (Picornavirus)

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2
Q

Types of Influenza virus

A

A, B, and C

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3
Q

what type of influenza Virus is the most common and associated with the greatest concern

A

Type A influenza

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4
Q

comparison of Inflenza viruses frequency of isolation

A

A then B then C

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5
Q

Comparison of Influenza viruses severity of disease

A

A then B then C

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6
Q

What Influenza viruses have an Animal REservoir

A

A

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7
Q

how many Genome RNA segments are in each Influenza Virus

A

A:8
B: 8
C: 7

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8
Q

What type of Virus is Influenza

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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9
Q

Genome of Influenza

A

8 segments (-)ssRNA

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10
Q

Virion of Influenza

A

Enveloped

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11
Q

Proteins of Influenza

A 
HA - Hemagglutinin, cell Attachment
NA - Neuraminidase, viral budding and release
M1 - matrix
M2 - Ion Channel
PB1, PB2, PA - TRanscription complex
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12
Q

what proteins on Influenza lead to an immune response

A

HA and NA

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13
Q

How is INfluenza identified

A

by surface antigens HA and NA

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14
Q

types of HA and NA

A

16 HA

9 NA

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15
Q

what is the major determinant if Influenza infects birds or human

A

HA specifically the Sialic Acid Linkage
alpha 2, 3: Avian
Alpha 2, 6: Human

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16
Q

What part of Influenza is the major determinant for human to human transmission

A

HA

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17
Q

where Does Influenza Virus type A tend to live

A

water birds in the GI tract as an illness

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18
Q

Roll of HA protein in INfluenza Virus

A

Attachment brings cell and Virus membranes into proximity

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19
Q

what triggers a confirmational change in HA protein

A

after cell attachment by pH change in endosome

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20
Q

confirmationchange in HA protein leads to

A

membrane fusion

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21
Q

the enternce pattern of Influenza serves as a model for

A

all enveloped viruses enternce patterns

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22
Q

where does Transcription and replication take place for influenza

A

In the Nucleus

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23
Q

how does the genome of Influenza leave the nucleus

A

The protected genome (RNP core) escapes nucleus and buds from cell surface

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24
Q

what Influenza protein is critical to budding

A

NA

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25
Q

How does Influenza travel

A

by Aerosol, both large and small drops

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26
Q

what size of particle is most infectious

A

less then 10 microns

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27
Q

Incubation time for Influenza

A

1-4 days

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28
Q

how long is Influenza Contagious

A

Day before symptom onset to 5 days later

Children are infectious for longer

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29
Q

what is the EID50 for Influenza

A

as low as .3 to 6 (People are better for relicating than eggs)

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30
Q

Response to Influenza virus

A 
Interferon response
then nasal wash neutralizing antibody
serum antineurimidase antibody
Serum Neuratralizing antibody
takes about 2 weeks for these to become a big thing
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31
Q

what kind of disease is Influenza timing wise

A

Seasonal (interpandemic) flu

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32
Q

Syptoms of Influenza

A

Fever, Malaise, Nonproductive cough, sore throat for 3-7 days after symtpoms develop

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33
Q

what type of Influenza strains are around rn

A

H3N2, H1N1

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34
Q

Contagiousness of Influenza Virus

A

Reproductive number between 1 and 2

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35
Q

Complications associated wth Influenza virus

A

Viral Pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia
Reye syndrom (Type B + aspirin)
Otitis Media

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36
Q

What kind of Vaccine is the Influenza Vaccine

A

Atenuated Live vaccine

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37
Q

why do we need new vaccine for Influenza each year

A

Virus Mutations cause an antigenic shift

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38
Q

lead time for Influenza Vaccine

A

Long lead time( due to reproduction needs and eggs take time to make)

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39
Q

what is contained in the Influenza vaccine

A

H3N2, H1N1, and Type B strain

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40
Q

how is the Type A strain of Influenza vaccine generated

A

through reassortment via coinfection with PR8 strain

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41
Q

Treating Influenza Virus

A

Antiviral treatment
Zanamivir or oseltamivir (tamiflue)
Supportive care

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42
Q

what antiviral treatments are there for Influenza Virus

A

Amantidine, rimantidine

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43
Q

how antiviral treatments fight Influenza virus

A

Blocks entry

Inhibits M2 activity

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44
Q

problem with antiviral treatment

A

Development of resistance common

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45
Q

how does Zanamivir or oseltamivir (tamiflu) work

A

Blocks release of budding virions - easier to be targetted by antibodies

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46
Q

resistance of influenze to Tamiflu

A

resistance is not common

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47
Q

The 4 Influenza Pandemics

A

1918 Spanish Flu
1957 Asian Flu
1968 Hong Kong Flu
2009-2010 N1N1

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48
Q

Strain of Influenza for the Spanish FLu

A

H1N1 strain

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49
Q

deaths from the Spanish flu

A

20-40 million

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50
Q

where was the Spanish flu Virulent

A

In healthy adults

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51
Q

what did the Spanish flu cause in lethal cases

A

Cytokine storm

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52
Q

strain for the Asian flu

A

H2N2

53
Q

who did the Asian Flu kill

A

6 Million deaths, mostly elder and young children

54
Q

strain for the Hong Kong Flu

A

H3N2

55
Q

Deaths of the Hong Kong Flu

A

2 million

56
Q

deaths from the 2009-2010 H1N1 Flu

A

8k-18k deaths

57
Q

where does inlfuenza pandemics arise from

A

arise from avian strains

58
Q

how did people get the Spanish flu

A

Avian H1N1 flu somehow jumped from birds to people

59
Q

how did people begin to Asian Influenza

A

H1N1 in humans went through a reassortment with Avian H2N2 so that it could then infect humans. HANA genes and PB1 genes came from the avian part and the rest from the human part

60
Q

how did people then get the Hong Kong Influenza

A

Human H2N2 from the asian influenza went through reassortment with H3 avian virus to make H3N2

61
Q

what generally is the lead in for a Influenza pandemic

A

jump from bird strain to human or a reassortment of the human strain with a bird strain

62
Q

types of Avian Influenza

A

highly Pathogenic

Low Pathogenic

63
Q

strains for highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

A

H5 or H7 strains

64
Q

who did the highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza kill

A

Lethal in greater the 75% of 6-8 week old susceptible chicks

65
Q

how does highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza replicate throughout the entire body

A

HPAI strains have multi-basic residues at HA cleavage site allowing for replication

66
Q

symptoms of highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

A

Skin lesions, necrotic and swollen combs, systemic infection

67
Q

Symptoms of Low PAthogenic Avian Influenza

A

Asymptomatic to slight respiratory infection

no lesions

68
Q

what can H5 and H7 strains of Avian Influenza mutate into

A

HPAI strains

69
Q

Dutch research into the avian influenza cuased great controversy becasue

A

Using the H5N1 strain, high mortality rate in people, beggging the question if H5N1 could adapt to Humans

70
Q

how did the Dutch researchers see if H5N1 could kill

A

PAssaged virus in ferrets to model human

71
Q

what hapened once H5N1 virus began replicating in ferrets

A

after 10 generations, virus was capable of airborn transmission between animals

72
Q

how did H5N1 begin to become airborne

A

5 mutation in 2 genes in HA that alter sialic aid binding

73
Q

how is Adenovirus characterized

A

by serotype

74
Q

serotype of Adenovirus is assocated with

A

with diferent diseases

75
Q

what types of Adenovirus are most frequently studied

A

2 and 5

76
Q

Adenovirus is what type of virus

A

Adenoviridae

77
Q

Genome of Adenovirus

A

dsDNA

78
Q

Virion of Adenovirus

A

Non-enveloped

79
Q

Proteins in adenovirus

A

Fiber : cell attachment
Penton base: cell entry
Hexon: Capsid

80
Q

entry of Ednovirus

A

Entry via coxackie-adenovirus receptor(CAR)

81
Q

how does the Capsid for adenovirus disassemble

A

pH triggers

82
Q

where does Adenovirus go once the capsid has disassembled

A

moves to the nucleus via microtubules

83
Q

3 phases of Gene expression for Adenovirus

A

Immediate - earlly
Early
Late

84
Q

what part of the genome is involved in the immediate early part of adenovirus

A

E1A portion of the Genome

85
Q

what regulated the E1A prtion of Adenovirus genome

A

2 transcriptional regulators from the cell and virus

86
Q

importance of the Immediate-early stage of adenovirus

A

necessary to reach the early stage

87
Q

Genes involved in the gene expression stage for Adenovirus

A

5: E1B, E2, E3, E4, and L1

88
Q

what occures in the Early gene expression phase of Adenovirus

A

DNA replication and post transcriptional events

89
Q

what occures in the late gene expression phase of Adenovirus

A

Take over of cellular mRNA synthesis

90
Q

where is Genome replication began for Adneovirus

A

on either end becuase of identical end sequences

91
Q

what direction does replication occur for Adenovirus

A

in the 5’ to 3’ direction, and one strand is displaced

92
Q

what happens to the displaced strand with Adenovirus

A

circularizes to allow template copy to be made

93
Q

what protein is used to PRime genome replication in adenovirus

A

protein pTP (this unusual priming strategy

94
Q

What does Adenovirus need to complete replication

A

a replicating cell

95
Q

When does DNA replication occure

A

during the S phase

96
Q

problem with needing a replicating cell for Adenovirus to continue replicating

A

not all cells are actively replicating

97
Q

How does Adenovirus force a cell to express genes from S phase

A

E1A inactivated pRb, which leads to S phase gene expresion

E1B inactivates p53 leading to S phase and preventing apoptosis

98
Q

the method in which Adenovirus brings about S phase is similar to what and may lead to what

A

Oncogenic processes and may lead to oncogenic tumors

99
Q

what does the E3 gene of Adenovirus produce

A

Proteins important to host immune evasion

100
Q

how does the E3 gene act to evade host immune system

A

Blocks MHC class I expression reducing CTL cell killing
Blocks TNF induced apoptosis
Blocks IFN-alpha and IFN-beta action keeping protein translation active

101
Q

What disease does Adenovirus cause

A

Acute respiratory disease

102
Q

Respiratory infection is how common from virus

A

5-10% of all viral infections

103
Q

when do most adenovirus respiratory infection occur

A

before the age of 14

104
Q

symptoms of adenovirus

A

same as common cold (Nasal congestion, inflammation, cough)

105
Q

Adenovirus serotypes associated with Adenovirus REspiratory disease with symptoms the same as the common cold

A

1, 2, 5, and 6

106
Q

Symptoms of Acute respiratory disease from Adenovirus

A

Severe pneumonia

107
Q

risk factor for acute respiratory disease

A

Seen in military recruits due to crowded conditions and fatigue

108
Q

serotypes for acute respiratory disease

A

4 and 7

109
Q

Prevention of Acute REspiratory disease from adenovirus

A

vaccine for military personnel 17-50 yeras old

110
Q

What does Adenovirus cause

A

Respiratory infections

Acute respiratory disease

111
Q

Use of Adenovirus in research

A

often used as a vector in gene therapy research

112
Q

Rhinovirus is the frequent cause of what

A

mild upper respiratory infection

113
Q

diversity of Rhinovirus

A

large antigenic diversity (100 serotypes)

114
Q

why is there no vaccine for Rhinovirus

A

too many serotypes

115
Q

Rhinovirus reservoir

A

Humans the only reservoir

116
Q

How does Rhinovirus attach

A

intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor

117
Q

Incubation period of RHinovirus

A

1-4 days

118
Q

duration of virus shedding of Rhinovirus

A

3 weeks after illness

119
Q

Illness legnth with Rhinovirus

A

2-3 days

120
Q

Symptoms ofood Rhinovirus

A 
Red nose (hyperemic), blood vessel dilation
Nasal discharge that becomes mucopurulent (neutrophils)
Epithelial damage likely due to the immune response
121
Q

Prevention of Rhinovirus

A

No vaccine: too many serotypes

No antivirals: resistant mutants

122
Q

What type of Virus is Ebola

A

Filovirus

123
Q

Gnome ofebola

A

RNA

124
Q

Virion of ebola

A

Enveloped

125
Q

Nucleocapsid of Ebola

A

Helical nucleocapside, with polymorphic particles

126
Q

Transmission of Ebola

A

Primarily body fluid

also maybe inhalation

127
Q

symptoms of Ebola

A

Viral hemorrhagic fever

Fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding

128
Q

Incubation period of ebola

A

2-21 days

129
Q

Treatment of ebola

A

Supportive care
Experimental treatments
Vaccine - ChAd3-ZEBOV, VSV-EBOV, others…

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

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