Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro exam 3 > Immunological Tolerance and Auto immune disease > Flashcards

Immunological Tolerance and Auto immune disease Flashcards

1
Q

A state of Unresponsiveness for a particular antigen

A

Immunological Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does one get Immunological Tolerance

A

It is learned by a very specific and priorly exposed antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What Immunological Tolerance lead to

A

Tolereance to a non-self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the physiological state in which the immune system does not react destructively against self tissue

A

Self Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal immune response to A microbe

A

Proliferation and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

selftolerance immune response to a self antigen

A

Anergy (functionally unresponsiveness
Deletion (Cell death)
Cheng in specificity (receptor editin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where may self-tolerance be induced

A

In immature self-reative lymphocytes in generative lymphoid organs or in mature lymphocytes in peripheral sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Self tolerance induced in mature lymphocytes in peripheral sites

A

Peripheral tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Self tolerance induced in immatuer self reactive lymphocytes in generative lymphoid organs

A

Central tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does Central tolerance occur

A

In generative lymphoid organs (bone marrow/thymus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cells does Central tolerance involve

A

Immature self-reactive lymphocytes recognizing self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does PEripheral Tolerance occur

A

In peripheral sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what cells does Peripheral Tolerance invovle

A

MAture self-reactive lymphocytes encountering self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is immunologica tolerance a failure to recognize an antigen

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Immunological tolerance a response to

A

an active response to a particular epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How specific is Immunological tolerance

A

just as specific as an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can Immunological tolerance come to be

A

Natural(self tolerance, oral tolerance…)

induced (prevent allergies, graft rejections or autoimmunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does prevention of Reactivity to certain antigen develop

A

Occurs during development rather than being genetically pre-progammed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Self tolerance prevent

A

prevents the body from mounting an immune attach against its own tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T cells come out of the bone marrow in what state

A

A very immature state ( CD4-, CD8-, TCR-) -dont express any

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do Immature T cells begin to Express CD4, CD8, and TCR

A

in the cortex of thymus(get one type of CD and one type of TCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does T cells go through Positive and negatvei seelction

A

In the cortical region of thymus of positive selection

In the medullary region for negative selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is central tollerance part of

A

The positive and negative selction process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do Cells leave the thymus

A

As a fully functioning cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what types of cells leave the Thymus as a fully functioning cells

A

CD4+ helper T lymphocyte
CD8 cytotoxic T lympohocyte
Delta gamma T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What types of Lympohocytes area destined to die by apaoptosis

A

Those that do not bind MHC through their TCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does Positive selection and lineage commitment respond to antigen

A

Low avidity interaction with self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Postiive selection leads to

A

MAturation of clonse and generation of subsets of lympohocytes and expansion and diferentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what mediates neagtive selection

A

by high avidity with self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens to immature T cells that recognize antigens with high avidity during maturation in the thymus

A

They are deleated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what happesn to some self-reactive CD4+ t cells that see self antigens in the thymus that are not delected

A

Differentiate into regulatory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What determines the choice between lymphocyte activation and tolerace

A

The properties of the antigens
The state of matuation of the antigen-specific lymphocytes
Types of stimuli ereceived when these lympohocytes encournter self antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

recognition of self antigen by central tolerance leads to

A

Apoptosis (deletion)
Change in receptors (receptor editing B cells)
Development of regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Recognition of self antigen by peripheral tolerance leads to

A

Anergy
Apoptosis (Deletion)
suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Recognition of self antigen by peripheral tolerance leads to

A

Anergy
Apoptosis (Deletion)
suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what type of B cells do Central tolerance and where

A

Immature B cells in the bone marros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why do Central tolerance in B cells

A

So that potentially autoreactive cells can be eliminated or inactivated by contact with self ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

steps of receptor editing in B cells

A

strong Ligation of IgM by self antigen
Arrest of B-cell development and continued light chain rearrangement: Low celL surface IgM
New Receptor specificty is expressed
If new receptor is still self reactive, B cell does Apoptosis
IF no longer self reactive, immature B cell migrates to the periphery and matures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What determines the Fate of B cells

A

NAture and concentration of the self Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What kind of Ag induces B cell death

A

Multivalent Ag( memebrane associated Proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what concentration of Ag induces B cell death

A

High concentration of Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what induces functional anergy of B cells

A

Low concentrations of small, soluble self Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Functional anergy of B cells results in

A

Decreased membrane Ig

Blocked signal transduction by membrane bound Ig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the mechanism of Peripheral tolerance

A

Mature T cels that recognize self antigens in peripheral tissues become incapable of responding to these antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mech of peripheral tolerance

A

Clonal Deletion/apoptosis
Clonal Anergy
Suppression
Ignorance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is Clonal Deletion/apoptosis of Peripheral Tolerance

A

Actual elimination from the cellular repertoire by activation induced cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is Clonal anergy of peripheral tolerance

A

Mature cell is present but is functionally inactivated and can be reversed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

INhibition of cellular activity through interaction with other cells

A

Suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What cells do the suppression

A

T regs (CD4+/CD25+ T cells, TGF-beta or IL 10 secreting REg T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is ignorance in peripheral tolerance

A

Co-existence of self-reactive clones and antigen

cells do not respond to antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Factors determining which mechanisms are operative for peripheral tolerance

A

Concenration of self antigen in generative lymphoid organs
Affininty of antigen receptor for antigen
Nature of antigen
Concentration and availability of co-stimulatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

why do peripheral tolerance in B cells

A

Not all potentially reactive cells are eliminated or inactivated and enter peripheral circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is follicular exclusion

A

keeps some cells from the follicles and eventually elads to apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is needed for a functional b cell response

A

Helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

where is IgG found

A

In circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How do B cells work

A

Freely floating antigen that binds up a receptor on surface of Naive b Cell
This activates it and the B cell Clonally expands
genes then rearrange and some are spliced out to never return
Isotype switching all get IgM and some get other antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what antibody is big in circulation

A

IgG

58
Q

What do you look at with a titer

A

IgG

59
Q

How do T cell affect the outcome of B cell activation in the peripher

A

via the Two signal hypothesis

60
Q

what are the Signals of the two signal hypothesis

A

1: generated through the Ag receptor
2: mediated by AD40 and CD40L

61
Q

What results if one of the signals from the two signal hypothesis is missing

A

B cell anergy

62
Q

What do Anergic Cells show

A

show a Block in TCR-induced singal transduction

63
Q

what costimulation occures in anergic cells

A

LAck costimulation by B7/B12

Costimulation by inhibitory receptors (CTLA-4

64
Q

CTLA-4 for Peripheral tolerance through anergy competes with what

A

Competes with CD28 for B71 and B72 by binding with higher affinity than CD28

65
Q

Roll of CTLA-4

A

Keeps T cells in check

66
Q

What do knockout mice that lack CTLA-4 develop

A

Uncontrolled lymphocyte acitvation
massively enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
Fatal multiorgan lymphocytic infiltrates ( suggestive of systemic autoimmunity)

67
Q

Normal T cell response to an antigen

A

Recognition of foreign antigen with costimulation

T cell proliferation and differentiation

68
Q

T cell anergy antigen recognition

A

Recognition of self antigen
Signalling block or Engagement of Inhibitory receptors (CTLA-4)
Unresponsive (Anergic) T cell

69
Q

what in peripheral tolerance can lead to apoptosis

A

Activation in the absence of IL-2
PErsistant Ag
Activation-induced cell death

70
Q

Apoptosis due to persistence of antigen repeated stimulation leads to

A

FAS and FASL bind on the T cell
This activates Caspase-8
Activation-induced cell death

71
Q

Apoptosis due to elimination of antigen and other signals

A

Release of Mitochontrial cytochrome C, activation of caspase-9
Passive cell death (death by neglect)

72
Q

T cell mediated suppression results in

A

Inhibition of T cell activation

Inhibition of T cell effector function

73
Q

How can the state of tolerance by maintained

A

Immune regulation

74
Q

Il-10 inhibts

A

Inhibitions function of APCs: IL-12 secretion and B7 expression to step naive t cells drom recognizing antigens

75
Q

TGF-beta inhibits

A

T cell proliferation

76
Q

Il-4 inhibits

A

Actions of IFN-gamma stopping the effector function of T cells

77
Q

Il-10, TGF-beta inhibit

A

Macrophage acivation

78
Q

when self-reactive T cells ignore self antigen

A

Passive

79
Q

How does Ignorance happen

A

Antigen is expressed in a privileged site/sequestered
T cells Cannot get to the antigen acorss and endothelial barrier
Perhaps the antigen is not expressed in the context of MHC molecules

80
Q

How to preferentially induce tolerance rather than an immune response

A

Foreign antigens are administed

81
Q

How are protein antigens administed to preferentiall induce tolerance

A

Subcutaneously or intradermally with adjuvants favor immunity

82
Q

How are high doses of antigens administered to preferentially induce tolerance

A

Administered systemically without adjuvants

83
Q

Can oral administration of Ag help with tolerance induction

A

Yes, it favors tolerance

84
Q

what follows oral administration of an antigen

A

A state of immune hyporesponsiveness

85
Q

What is the role of oral tolereance

A

Maintenance of homeostasis so no immune response to food antigen

86
Q

why use oral tolerance

A

To abrogate autoimmune disease
lack or toxicity, ease to administrate over time
antigen-specific mech of action

87
Q

How is Oral tolerance induce

A 
ORal administration of Ag
GALT
1. high dose
Deletion or anergy of Th1 and Th2 cells
Clonal deletion/anergy
2. Low dose
INduction of Th2 (IL-4/IL-10) and secretion of TGF-beta
Active suppression
Both:: oral tolerance induction
88
Q

How can the state of tolerance from oral administration be maintained

A

By the immune regulation

89
Q

PRinciple site of Tolerance induction in T and B lymphocytes

A

T: Thymus (Cortex);periphery
B: bone marrow; periphery

90
Q

Tolerance-sensitive stage of maturation of T and B lymphocytes

A

T: CD4+CD8+(double positive) thymocyte)
B: Immature (IgM+IgD-) B lymphocyte

91
Q

Central stimuli for tolerance induction of T and B lymphocytes

A

T: high-avidity recognition of antigen in thymus
B: Recognition of multivalent antigen in bone marrow

92
Q

Peripherial stimuli for tolerance induction ofT and B lymphocytes

A

T: antigen presentation by APCs lacking costimulators; repeated stimulation by self antigen
B: antigen recognition without T cell help or second signals

93
Q

Pricniple mech of Central tolerance of T and B lymphocytes

A

T: Deletion (Apoptosis); development of regulatory T cells
B: Deletion (apoptosis); recetpor editing

94
Q

Principle mech of Peripheral tolerance of T and B lymphocytes

A

T: Anergy, apoptosis, suppression
B: block in signal transduction (anergy); failure to enter lymphoid follicles; apoptosis

95
Q

What type of Response do T cells do

A

Cell meidated Response

96
Q

Roll of T cells

A

Recognize processed antigen in the context of MHC to irradicate infection

97
Q

effector function of T cells

A

Cytokine production and release of cytotoxic factors

98
Q

what type of response to B cells do

A

Humoral responses

99
Q

roll of B cells

A

Recognize Free antigen via Ig Receptor to irradiacte infection

100
Q

Effector function of B cells

A

Antibody mediated destruction of antigens

101
Q

What all can Autoimmune diseases involve

A 
NErvous 
GI
Endocrin
Skin
connective tissue
Eyes
blood vasvulature
102
Q

when does and autoimmune disease occur

A

When the immune system becomes dystregulated and attacks the very organs it was deisnged to protext

103
Q

when does autoimmunity occure

A

When central and peripheral tolerance is broken

104
Q

How common are autoimmune disease

A

each one is individually rare
collectively 5% of us pop(2% of globe)
14 million people

105
Q

how does Autoimmunity happen

A

Unclear

106
Q

Factors that can predispose an individual to arious autoimmune disease

A 
MHC associations
Familial concordance
Gender
Climate
Chemical agents
Infectious agents
Immune sytregulation
107
Q

Genetic factors for autoimmune disease

A

tend to occur in families
GReater concordance between ideantical twins
Strong HLA/MHC association

108
Q

do men and women get more autoimmune disease

A

WOmen

109
Q

is Rheymatoid arthritis more aggressive in male or female

A

female

110
Q

course of Multiple sclerosis in males and femals

A

Females tend to have a relapsing-remitting disease course

Males tend to exhibit a chronic progressive disease course

111
Q

what initiates an autoimmune response

A

Incomplete deletion of self reactive cells
Aberrant stimulation of normally anergic self reactive cells
Altered regulation of anergic self reactive cells
induction of costimulators on APCs/bystander activation
Molecular mimicry

112
Q

Categories of autoimmune disease

A

Systemic

Organ specific

113
Q

Systemic Autoimmune disease targets

A

Immune cels target multiple organ systems and tissues

114
Q

What does a systemic autoimmune disease result for

A

Aberrant regulation of many clones of lymphocytes

115
Q

ORgan specific autoimmune diseases target

A

Specific organs or tissues

116
Q

how does ORgan specific autoimmune disease occure

A

Due to a failure of self tolerance in only a few clones of cells which react to a limited number of antigens

117
Q

what is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

A systemic disorder in which a variety of autoantibodies (DNA, nucleoproteins, plateltes, lymphocytes) can cause multisystem damge

118
Q

What is Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Immunse system targets Central NErvous system via myelin specific T cells

119
Q

What does SLE have increased risk associated with it

A

HLA DR2

HLA DR3

120
Q

Female/Male predominacne of SLE

A

10:1

121
Q

when does SLE symptoms occur

A

15-25 years old

122
Q

Symptoms of SLE

A 
Fatigue
Fever
Alopecia
Mucosal ulceration
Butterfly rash
Joint and muscle pain
123
Q

Severe complications of SLE

A

Kidney, heart, lung, CNS

124
Q

what type of disease is SLE

A

Immune complex disease (type III hypersensitivity)

125
Q

Autoantibodies produced by SLE attack

A

DNA
Nucleoproteins
Platalets
Lympohcotes

126
Q

Where doe Immune complexes for SLE deposit

A

In kdneys
Joints
Vessel walls

127
Q

TReat SLE

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to treat arthritic symptoms of lupus
Corticosteroid creams used to treat skin rashes
Antimalarial drugs used for skin and arthritis symptoms
Corticosteroid therapy or cytotoxic (anti-proliferative) drugs may be used in severe or life-threatening manifestation of the disease

128
Q

WHen would someone need a kidney transplant for SLE

A

Advanced Lupus nephritis

129
Q

what is the most common inflammatory disorder of the CNS

A

MS

130
Q

what is the increased risk for MS

A

HLA DR2

131
Q

Female/male predomininace of MS

A

3:2

132
Q

what kind of Disease pattern of MS

A

Both Relapsing-remitting

Chronic progressive disease

133
Q

what happens to the CNS due to MS

A

CNS plaque with loss of myelin and depletion of logodendrocytes with or without axon loss

134
Q

when do women get MS

A

Childbearing years

135
Q

when do men get MS

A

greater than 40 years of age

136
Q

Symptoms of MS

A 
Impaired vision (optic neuritis)
Ataxia
Spasticity
Bladder Dysfunction
Weakness/Paralysis of one or more limbs
Sensitivity to temperature
Cognitive impairment
137
Q

How does The MS attach only the Myelin sheath

A

T cell mediated auto immune disease in which T cells are specific
also evidence of macrophage and microglial cells

138
Q

What happens because of Damage to/loss of myelin

A

IMpairs nerve conduction

139
Q

treating MS

A

Immunomodulatory drugs
Corticosteroids
Immunosupressive therapy

140
Q

Inter-realtion of autimmune disease

A

can develop more than 1 autoimune disease

Can overlap too

141
Q

2 common systemic Autoimmune diseases

A

Systemic Lupus Eryhtematosus

Rheumatoid arthritis

142
Q

2 common organ specific Auto immune diseases

A

Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

Multiple Sclerosis m

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions