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micro exam 3 > antivirals and vaccines > Flashcards

antivirals and vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

what do antivirals do

A

Block specific steps in the virus life cycle

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2
Q

what is important for antivirals to be used in people

A

Active aginst virus replication, but not normal cellular function to reduce toxicity

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3
Q

how does antivirals target

A

Exploit strucutural, functional, and genomic information

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4
Q

How common is viral resistance to antiviral drugs

A

common, requiring continued development efforts

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5
Q

general ways that antivirals can block viruses

A 
Fusion inhibitors
Ion channel blockers
Polymerase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Neuramidase inhibitors
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6
Q

What does Enfuvirdtide treat

A

HIV

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7
Q

action of Enfuvirtide

A

Blocks refolding of gp41

by blinding to it, iInhibiting membrane fusion

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8
Q

what does Amantadine and rimantadine treat

A

influenza

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9
Q

how does amantadine and remantadine work

A

blocks influenza ion channel (M2) (brings in H+ normally, so blocked, endsome can’t become acidified) preventing nucleocapside release at the end of the cell entry process

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10
Q

action of nucleoside analogs

A

Chain terminators- lack some portion of the sugar ring(missing one of the hydroxyl groups)

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11
Q

what does Acyclovir treat

A

herpesvirus infection

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12
Q

the first antiviral approved for clinical use

A

Acyclovir

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13
Q

what were the key hurdles for antiviral success of Acyclovir

A

Specificity depending on virus thymadine kinase (TK)-binds here
Bioavailability-hard to get to the site of infection

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14
Q

what is Acyclovir most effective against

A

HSV-1 and HSV2

less effective for EBV and VZV and even less effective for CMV

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15
Q

what is Acyclovir

A

like nucleoside inhibitors for herpesvirus infections

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16
Q

what is Ganciclovir effective against

A

CMV

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17
Q

why is Ganciclovir more toxic than other antiviral preventing genome replication

A

interference with Cellular kinase

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18
Q

Benifit of Valganciclovir over acyclovir

A

SImilar activtiy, but improved oral bioavailability

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19
Q

what does Foscarnet treat

A

HErpesvirus

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20
Q

how does Foscarnet treat herpesvirus

A

Prevents viral polymerase activity

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21
Q

how is Foscarnet administared

A

IV

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22
Q

problem with Foscarnet

A

Toxic

23
Q

what can inhibit HIV and HBV

A

Nucleoside inhibitors

24
Q

why are nucleoside inhibitors good for HIV and HBV

A

Good oral availability

25
Q

problem with Nucleosides inhibitors for HIV and HBV

A

toxicity

Resistance observed

26
Q

how to use nucleoside inhibitors for HIV and HBV

A

use more than one type of nucleoside inhibitors, including one from another class

27
Q

can you use nucleoside inhibitors on RNA viruses

A

Yes

28
Q

what does Ribavirin treat

A

RNA viruses

29
Q

Action of triphosphate form Ribavirin to treat RNA viruses

A

TRiphophate form inhibits polymerase

30
Q

action of monophosphate form Ribavirin to treat RNA viruses

A

Inhibits inosine monophosphate deydrogenase lowering GTP in cells

31
Q

what does Ribavirin do generally to treat RNA viruses

A

Impairs capping of mRNA

32
Q

what is needed for maturation of progeny viruses

A

cleavage of virus polypeptide

33
Q

are immature progeny(un-cleaved polypeptide) infectious

A

no

34
Q

What does ritonavir treat

A

HIV

35
Q

action of ritonavir

A

Blocks cleavage of GAg-POl polypeptide
Boosts activity of other protease inhibitors beacuse it also blocks the action of cellular proteases that act on other viral protease inhibitors

36
Q

what is needed to influenza to be released by the cells

A

Neuraminidase

37
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors do what

A

keep influenza from leaving the cell

38
Q

what is all part of bioavailability

A 
absorption into the body
transport to site of infection
intake by cell
therapeutic window (half-life)
39
Q

antiviral challenges

A

Bioavailability
Specificity
Toxicity

40
Q

what antivirals block viral attachment and entry

A

enfuviritide (HIV)
Docosanol (HSV)
Palivizumab (RSV)

41
Q

what antivirals block penetration

A

Interferon-alpha (HBV, HCV)

42
Q

what antivirals block uncoating

A

Amantadine (influenza)

Rimantadine (influenza)

43
Q

what antivirals block nucleic acid synthesis

A 
NRTI (HIV)
NNRTI (HIV)
Acyclovir (HSV)
toscarnet (CMV)
entecavir (HBV)
44
Q

What antivirals block late protein synthesis and preocessing

A

Protease inhibitors (HIV)

45
Q

what antivirals block viral release

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors (Influenza)

46
Q

how were interferons discovered

A

By isaacs and Lindenmann, noticing that cultured cels infected with 1 virus were resistant to infection by a second virus.
This was transferable to uninfected cels
Identified proteins responsible for the effect

47
Q

mech of interferon action

A

Not well understood

48
Q

do Interferons work better against RNA or DNA virus

A

RNA virus

49
Q

what is reversion of the poliovaccine

A

Vaccine-acquired paralytic poliomyelitis

50
Q

what amount of poliovaccines revert

A

1:1,000.000 to 3,000,000

51
Q

what poliovaccine is now used in the US

A

killed vaccine because polio rate is so low

52
Q

what cell types are important for vaccines

A

B cells
CD8+ T cells
CD4- T cells

53
Q

what vaccines utilize B cells only

A

Pneumonococccal

HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens)

54
Q

what vaccines utilize B cells and T cell immunity including sec IgA

A

Influenza, polio, oral typhoid

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

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