Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro exam 3 > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms that are Physiologically dependent upon their host for survival

A

Parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two main groups are parasites

A

Protozoa

Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscopic single celled eukaryotes

A

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macroscopic, multicellular warms of various lengths with differentiated tissues and complex organ systems

A

Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Living in harmoney with host

A

Commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are most parasites

A

Commensals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A host used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and can multiply asexually but not sexually

A

Intermediate host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place

A

Definitive host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant animal or fungi

A

Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many cells are protista

A

Unicellular that does not form tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of Protozoa

A

Sarcodina
Mastigophora
Apicomplexa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The amebas

A

Sarcodina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Flagellates

A

Mastigophora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The non motile adults

A

Apicomplexa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The types of Helminths

A

Roungworms

Flatworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where can Adult Roungworms(nematodes) live

A

Reside in GI tract, blood, Lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Flatworms

A

Tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the Cytoplasm of Protozoa devided

A

Into inner endoplasm and thin outer ectoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is found in ENdoplasm

A

Granular containing nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Ectoplasm

A

Organelle of locomotion (Pseudopods and Flagella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do PRotozoa eat

A

Heterotrophic assimilating organic nutrients, engulfing soluble or particular matter via pinocytosis and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type Parasite is Entamoeba Histoltica

A

An AMeoba (Sarcodina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Entamoeba Histolytica cause

A

Amebic Dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many people are infected with Entamoeba Histolytica

A

50 million worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is Entamoeba Histolytica found

A

Humans are the principle host and reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how is Entamoeba Histolytica transmitted

A

Fecal-oral route, directly or indirectly through contaminated water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How infectious is Entamoeba Histolytica

A

USually need greater than 1000 to infect, but one cyst can cause an infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how many cysts does an individual infected with Entamoeba Histolytica pass

A

45 million cysts daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the forms of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

Trophozoite

Cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the envirnomental form of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

Cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the cyst form of Entamoeba Histolytica resist

A

heat, low pH, chlorine in inmuniciplal water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is the trophozoites form of Entamoeba Histolytica found

A

Dwells in lumen or wall of the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nucleus of Entamoeba Histolytica cysts

A

immature: 1 nucleus
Mature: 4 nucleuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chromatoid bodies of Entamoeba Histolytica Cysts

A

Present in immature, but absorbed as cyst matures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how does the trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica respire

A

Microaerophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where does the trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica replicate

A

in the anaerobic environment of the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mitochondria of trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica

A

No mitrochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how does an Entamoeba Histolytica cyst turn into a trophozoite

A

Cysts injested, pass through stomach to arive at small bowel, then turn into a trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what form of Entamoeba Histolytica invades the intestinal mucosa

A

Trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where does Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery occur most

A

In the tropic with poor sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Symptoms of Infection of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery

A

Most the times asymptomatic
Invasive: ab pain, diarrhea, bloody poo, farts
Fulminating amebric Dysentery: high fever, ab cramps, liver pain, profuse diarrhea
Liver abscesses that can spread to pericardium
Extra intestinal disease(1%)- can result in liver absceses, lung and brain involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Immunity to Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery

A

Incomplete and does not correlate with antibody response

trophozoites shed antibody and resist complement lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery

A

Microscopic diagnosis - presence in stool (separate from E. dispar because Trophozoites ingest RBC)
Enzyme immunoassay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

TReatment of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery

A

With MEtronidazole plus other agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does Naegleria Fowleri Cause

A

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

who does Naegleria Fowleri infect

A

Healthy kids and young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Risk factors for Naegleria Fowleri AMebic Meningoencephalitis

A

Full body contact with shallow warm fresh water containing the bi-flagellate parasite form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How does Naegleria Fowleri enter to cause amebic meningoencephalitis

A

Nost, penetrate nasal mucosa and migrates to the brain via olfactory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Result of Naegleria Fowleri amebic Meningoencephalitis

A

death within 5-6 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How commone is Naegleria Fowleri Amebic Meningoencephalitis

A

300 cases reported in US, australia, and Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Acanthamoeba can cause

A

Keratisis(Corneal Ulcerations)

GRanulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where are Acanthamoeba found

A

Worldwide in soil, fresh and brackish water, cooling towers, heating ventilating and air conditions, humidifers, jacuzzies, dental irrrigation untis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is Grranulomatous Amebic Encephalitis

A

Serious infection of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

who does Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis affect

A

Those with compromised immun systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Chronic progressive ulceration lesion of the eye that may lead to pain and blindness

A

Keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

who is at risk of Keratitis

A

Contact lens wearers due to improper disinfections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How to treat KEratitis

A

must be started early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where are Flagellates found

A

Widespread in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do Flagellates move

A

Flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where do Flagellates parasite in humans

A

Mouth
Vagina
Intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What Flagellates Induce Disease

A

TRichomonas Vaginalis
Giardia Lamblia
Leishmania
Trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The noninvasive Luminal Flagellates

A

TRichomonas Vaginalis

Giardia Lamblia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The Invasive disease causing Flagellates

A

Leishmania

Trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Morphological stages of Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Only exist as Trophozoite, cannot encyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Size of Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Larger than a white blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What organelle does TRichomonas Vaginalis lack

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What does Trichomonas Vaginalis cause

A

Trichomoniasis (STD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How many people are infected with Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

8 million in US (180 mill worldwide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

How does Trichomonas Vaginalis spread

A

Skin to skin contact from vaginal intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Infection with Trichomonas Vaginalis increases risk of what

A

Increases risk of HIV transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Symptoms of Trichomoniasis

A

Mostly Asymptomatic

30% have symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Women symptoms of TRichomoniasis

A

Produces PErsistent Vaginitis
Vaginal Discharge
Vulvar itching and burning, Dyspereunia, Dysuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Men symptoms of Trichomoniasis

A

Urethral and prostatic infections that are usually asymptomatic
Dysuria
Non-purulent discharge from urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Diagnosis Trichomoniasis

A

Wet mount examination for motile Trophozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

TReatment of Trichomoniasis

A

ORal Metronidazole

Sex partners need to be treated to prevent reinfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Who does Giardia Lamblia infect

A

Humand and many mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

where is Giardia Lamblia in nature

A

Contaminated water or food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

How does Giardia Lamblia exist in contaminated water

A

As dormand microbial cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Resistance of Giardia Lamblia

A

Can survie weeks in cold water, resistant to water treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

How is Giardia Lamblia spread

A

Fecal-oral route (drinking contaminated water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Where does Giardia Lamblia colonize and reproduce

A

In the small intestine (not found in the blood or other parts of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Whar does Giardia Lamblia cuase when it colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine

A

Giardiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

How many people with Giardiasis show symptoms

A

60% are Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

when do Symptoms for Giardiasis begin

A

1-3 week after infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How long does Giardiasis symptoms persist

A

2-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Symtpos of Giardiasis

A 
Diarrhea (explosive)
Gas or flatulence
Greasy stool that can float
stomach or ab cramps
upset stomach or neausea
Dehydration
weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Who is at the greatest risk of contracting Giardiasis

A 
Backpackers, Hikers, campers
Swimmers who swim in infected water
International travelers
Kids in day care
Homo's for oral anal sex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Diagnosis of Giardiasis

A

Presence of Cysts in stoll (may need 2-3 sampled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is one of the most frequently id intestinal parasite from stool in the US

A

Giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

How is Giardiasis treated

A

Many drugs, But MEtronidazole is affective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What kind of Parasite are the Leishmania Spp

A

Oblligate intracellular parasite of Mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What does Human infection of Leishmania species cuase

A

Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

how many people are infected by Leishmania species

A

20 mill (1-2 mill new)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

How are Leishmania species transmitted

A

By Phlebotomine sandflies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Reservoir for Leishmania species

A

Rodents and dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

do all Leishmania species cause the same disease

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Fomrs of a Leishmania organism

A

Amastigote

Promastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Where are Amastigote for of LEishmania organisms found

A

Intercellular in Mononuclear phagocytes and blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What form of Leishmania is motile

A

Promastigote form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Where does the Promastigote form of Leishmania live

A

extracellular in the alimentary tract of sandflys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

How does the Phlebotomine sand flies get Leishmania

A

In the tropic and subtropics, nocturnally feeding and ingest the amastigote form from mammalian host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

How is the Leishmania spread from the sand fly

A

Feed on the next host and the promastigote form is injected into the skin along with saliva containing peptides that inactivate macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

How does Leishmania avoid immunity and live in the Human

A

Saliva from sand fly bite contains peptieds that ianctivate macrophages
Manipulates classical complemnt pathway
Promastigotes get phaocytosed and amtigote form within phagolysozome in macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Disease caused by differeny strands of Leishmaniasis

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis “chiclero Ulcer”
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis “espundia”
Visceral Leishmaniasis “kala Azar”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what is Cutaneous leishmaniasis “Chiclero ulcer”

A

Localized cutaneous lesion or ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

what is Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis “Espundia”

A

Destruction of muccous membranes of nose, mouth, or throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what is Visceral Leishmaniasis “kala Azar”

A

Dissemination disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

How does the Immune system respond to Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

CD4+ T-cells of Th1 type secrete IFN-gamma in response to LEishmanial antigens
activation of NO production to kill intracellular amastigotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What is the Positive delayed skin reaction to Leishmania

A

Lymphocytes cear lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Anergy to leishmanial antigens can lead to

A

Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

How does the Immune system respond to Visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Pathogen causes drama inhibition of Th1 response
Disseminate through blood stream to visceral orans via macrophages
-TH2 response associated witht the visseral disease

113
Q

How to diagnose Leishmaniasisq

A

Demonstration of Leishman-Donovan bodies
Culture of tissue biopsy
Leishmanin skin test

114
Q

TReatment of Leishmanin

A

Small cutanous lesison heal without treatment

Mucocuanous lesion need an oral thaerapy with anti-parasitic

115
Q

What causes Chagas Disease

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

116
Q

How is Chagas Disease spread

A

Reduviid insects (kissing bug)

117
Q

How many people are infected With chagas disease

A

7-10 million people (Central and south america)

300,00 immigrants in the US that may have it but dont know

118
Q

Resevor for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Humans plus other animals (Rats, cats, dogs, opossums, raccoons)

119
Q

What is the leading cause of Chronic heart disease in 25-44 year old pop

A

Chagas disease via Trypanosoma cruzi

120
Q

Where do REduviid bugs live

A

Walls of crude dwellings in rural areas to feed on people faces

121
Q

Vector borne cases of Chagas disease in the US prevelence

A

Rare, but has potential

122
Q

How does The Chagas Diease vector spread

A

Feces of reduviid bugs
spread to mouth, eyes, or mucous membrane on host leading to infection
Ingesting contaminated food and blood transfusion can also spread

123
Q

THe stages of Chagas Disease

A

Acute phase

Chronic Phase

124
Q

How often are people asymptomatic for people with chagas disease

A

1/3

125
Q

Symptoms of acute phase of Chagas disease

A

Romana’s sign (Chargoma)- swelling of eyelids on the side of bite
Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph, body aches, headache, rash

126
Q

When does the chronic phase of Chagas occure

A

Decade after acute phase

127
Q

risk of developing chronic phase of chagas disease

A

30%-

128
Q

Symptoms of Chroic CHagas disease

A

Cardiomyopathy - englarged heart leading to failure

Intestinal complication- enlarged esophagus or colon

129
Q

How to Diagnose CHagas

A

Presence of Trypomastiogotes in peripheral blood during the Acute Phase
EKG for heart involvement

130
Q

How to treat CHagas

A

Anti-parasitics reduce severiy of acute phase but not of chronic
taken for a long time, and some never cure and are toxic

131
Q

How is Infection best prevented for chagas

A

Controlling reduviid bug

132
Q

What causes African Sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma Brucei

133
Q

How is Trypanosoma Brucei trasmitted

A

Tsetse fly in central africa

134
Q

Symptos of African sleeping sickness

A

Fever
Headache
Itchiness and joint pain
Possibly secondary disease in the CNS

135
Q

what are the symptoms of CNS invovlement in African sleeping sickness

A

Confusion and poor coordinatino
Trouble sleeping
Fatal

136
Q

Can you treat African sleeping sickness

A

It is treatable in the primary disease portion

137
Q

What kind of parasite is Apicomplexa

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

138
Q

Where does apicomplexa get its name

A

Apical complex strcutre

139
Q

What is part of the apicomplexa group

A

Plasmodium
Poxoplasma
Cryptosporidium
Babesia

140
Q

other name for Sporozoa

A

Apicomplexa

141
Q

What does Plasmodium cause

A

Malaria

142
Q

What does Toxoplasma cause

A

Toxoplasmosis

143
Q

What does Cryptosporidium cuase

A

Cryptosporidosis

144
Q

What is Babesia similar to

A

Relative of malaria but spread by ticks

145
Q

What do Plasmodium species infect

A

Human Erythrocytes

146
Q

What kind of Parasite are the Plasmodium species

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

147
Q

Symptoms of Plasmodium species infection

A

Periodic fever

Anemia when erythrocytes burst

148
Q

How are Plasmodium species spread

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

149
Q

Where is Secual reproduction of plasmodium species completed

A

In mosquitoes

150
Q

where is asexual reproduction of Plasmodium species completed

A

In humans

151
Q

What species of Plasmodium infect humans

A 
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Less important:
plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
152
Q

Severity of Plasmodium falciparum

A

Highly transmitted

Severe disease and death

153
Q

the most commonly distributed species of plasmodium

A

Plasmodium vivax

154
Q

Life cycle of Plasmodium

A

Sporozoite in saliva gets injected by female mosquito into humans
moves to liver to infect hepatocytes
Merozoites are released from the hepatocyte and infect erythroctes
Inside erythrocye, trophozoites form and then schizont ( full of merozoites)
Erythrocyes ruptures releasing merozoites which invade new Erythrocytes
Mosquitoes ingest infected RBC

155
Q

since Plasmodium in blood stage are synchronized with circadian rhythm, what ahppens

A

Periodic fevers

156
Q

How would one diagnose what type of malaria occures

A

Erythrocyte stages of malarial parasites

157
Q

Where does Malaria infect

A

poor tropical subtropical areas

158
Q

How many people are infected with Malaria

A

3.2 billion with 445 deaths

159
Q

Worst type of Malaria to have

A

Falciparum malaria

160
Q

what causes Falciparum malaria

A

Plasmodium Falciparum

161
Q

How common is Falciparum malaris

A

50% of malaria cases in humans, with 1 million deaths

162
Q

What can Falciparum malaria cuase

A 
Cerebral malaria
Blood cancer(burkitt's Lymphoma)
163
Q

How bad is Falciparum malaria in africa

A

does 90% of total deaths, with children especially

164
Q

The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax

165
Q

VIrulence of Plasmodium vivax

A

Less Virulent than P. Falciparum, but infection can still lead to diease and death

166
Q

Main cause of death from Plasmodium vivax

A

Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)

167
Q

Where is Plasmodium vivax found

A

Asia
Latin AMerica
Some parts of africa

168
Q

How could Plasmodium vivax populate the blood stream

A

With sexual-stage parasite picked up by mosquiotes

169
Q

Incubation period of Malaria

A

11-14 days, and is detectable on the 10th day

170
Q

Symptoms of Malaria

A

Fever-cyclic every 48 hours for P. vivax, and cont with P. falciparum
Chills
Sweating
Headache
Dizziness, malaise, muscle pain, ab pain, nusea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough also
Coma- p falciparum due to cerebral malaria which is lethal

171
Q

Clinical signs of Malaria in the liver phase

A

No clinical signs

172
Q

What phase of malaria causes fever, anemia, circulatory change, and immunopathologic phenomena

A

Erythrocytic cycle

173
Q

Reason for Malaria fever

A

Unsure: maybe because IL-1 and TNF produced by macrophages that injest cell derbies

174
Q

Why does MAlaria cuase Anema

A

Phagocytosis of infected Erythrocytes and parasite-induced cell rupture that releases toxic products

175
Q

Why does Malaria cause Circulatory changes

A

High fever leads to vasodilation decreasing circulating blood volume and hypotension

176
Q

How can Malaria cause organ failure,

A

Infected RBC adhere to the endothelium of visceral capillaries and this impaires microcirculation leading to hyposxia, hypoglycemia and eventually organ failure

177
Q

What is the most intesnely affected organ by malaria

A

Brain (Cerebral malaria)

178
Q

How does Sickle cell stop Malaria

A

The cell lyses before the infection can take hold

179
Q

How is Malaria diagnosed

A

Based on the presence of parasite in blood smear

180
Q

What is neccessary for successful treatment of Malaria

A

elimination of all forms of the parasite

181
Q

Erythrocytic schizonts

A

Terminates clinical symptoms

182
Q

Hepatic Schizonts

A

PRevent relapse

183
Q

Erythrocytic Gametocytes

A

prevents spread

184
Q

Prevention of Malaria

A

Avoid Mosquito contact (screen, insecticides)

taking Chemoprophylaxis when visiting endemic areas

185
Q

Vaccine for Malaria

A

None yet

186
Q

The definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cats

187
Q

who all has been infected by Toxoplasma gondii

A

50% of the world pop (23% of US)

188
Q

What are the results of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii

A

Mostly asymptomatic, and self-limiting

189
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted to humans

A 
When oocysts (in cat feces or infected meat) are ingested by humans)
Transplacental transmission possible resulting in stillbirth or birth defects
190
Q

What type of Parasite is Toxoplasma gondii

A

Apicomplexa

191
Q

where does the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of Toxoplasma gondii take place

A

In the GI of felines

192
Q

How does One contract Toxoplasmosis

A

Oocysts are excreted in cat feces
Transmission occures when oocysts are ingested by an intermediate host (cat box, contaminated food, or undercooked contaminated meat)

193
Q

Congenital Toxoplasmosis results in

A

Clinical illness

194
Q

Congenital Toxoplasmosis leads to what is spread to the CNS

A

Abortion, stillbirth, severe birth defects

Corioretinitis - cysts form in the eyes to impair vision later in life

195
Q

Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy due to toxoplasmosis appreas in

A

Healthy people

196
Q

where is Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy affects what

A

Cervical nodes

197
Q

symptoms of Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy

A

Fever, sore throad, rash, hepatosplenomegaly and atypical lymphocytosis
Severe visceral involvment: meningoencephalitis, pneumonoitis, myocarditis, or hepatitis.

198
Q

Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised hosts

A

Serious and often fetal disease leading to ecrotizing pneumonia, myocarditis and encephalitis

199
Q

Types of Toxoplasmosis

A

Congenital
Asymptomatic Localized Lymphadenopathy
In immunocompromised host

200
Q

The primary method for diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis

A

Serologic procedures
igG or IgM antibody titer for acute infection
Trophozoites also observed in tissues

201
Q

When to do treatment for Toxoplasmosis

A

If patient is pregnant or immunocompromised

202
Q

Worms with bodies that are round in cross-section

A

Neamtodes/helminths

203
Q

Categories of Nematodes

A

Intestinal nematodes

Tissue Nematodes

204
Q

what are intestinal meatodes

A

Adult form spends life in intestine

205
Q

What are tissue nematodes

A

Adult form found in tissues

206
Q

What are the types of Intestinal nematodes

A 
Large roundworms
Hookworms
Pinworms
Whipeworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
207
Q

the largest and most common intestinal helminths

A

Large round worms (1 billion people world wide with 4 mill in america infected)

208
Q

One of the most common intestinal nematode worldwide

A

Hookworms

209
Q

Where are pinworms common

A

In children in the US

210
Q

how are Whipworms transmitted

A

In soil from the south U.S

211
Q

What Helminths has the greatest risk for life-threatening infections

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

212
Q

where do most nematodes become infective

A

Emryonation in the soil

213
Q

How well does the human host tolerate intestinal nematode

A

Well tolerated

214
Q

How do intestinal nematodes cause temporary side effects (itching)

A

Larvae that migrate through tissue

215
Q

what do Intestinal nematode symtpoms incease with

A

With the number of adult worms ( a few worms are nbd, but a lot can fuck you up)

216
Q

What happens to intestinal nematode infections to cure

A

most are self-limiting and clear with time

217
Q

How to treat intestinal nematodes

A

Can all be treated medically with anti-parasitic drugs (most are well tolerated)

218
Q

How to diagnose Intestinal nematodes

A

Eggs in the stool sample

219
Q

What type of parasite is Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

Large Roundworms

220
Q

what does Ascaris Lumbricoides cause

A

Ascariasis

221
Q

The largest and most common intestinal nematode

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

222
Q

life of Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

Short lived lasting 6-24 months

223
Q

where is ascaris Lumbricoides found

A

In warm climates with poor sanitation

224
Q

why can Ascaris Lumbricoides eggs last a long life in the right climiate

A

Restistant to envrinomental condition

225
Q

Life cycle of an ascaris infection

A

Contract through ingestion of eggs excreted in feces
Eggs hatch in intestine
Larvae burrow through gut wall and migrate to lungs via blood
Break into aveolar walls and travel up the throad where they get coughed up and swallowed
Reach the small intestine to develop into adult worms and get a free constant supply of food

226
Q

How long does the life cycle of Ascarisasis take

A

2-3 months

227
Q

Symptoms of Round worm infection (ascarisasi)

A

Shortness of breath (hypersensitivity pulmonary reaction)
Diarrhea and ab swelling
Slow growth and learning problems in kids
Malnutrition ( malabsorption and anorexia)

228
Q

Infection with a small number of round worms leads to

A

No smptoms

229
Q

Large infections with round worms can lead to

A

Cause bowel obstruction resulting in death

230
Q

what are Ancylostoma and Necator

A

Hookworms

231
Q

How many people are infected with Hookworms

A

700 mill worldwide

232
Q

How big can hookworms get

A

10mm in length

233
Q

how long can hookworms live

A

2-14 years

234
Q

How does Hookworms connect to the small bowel ans suck blood

A

Tooth like structure that attaches

235
Q

What happens to blood in substantial hookworm infection

A

Blood loss

236
Q

how do hook worms get to the gut

A

Filariform larvae penetrate skin and follow same path as ascaris larvae to the gut

237
Q

LIfe cycle of Hookworms

A

Eggs deposited in soil
Hatch in to rhabditiform larvae then mold into filariform larvae
Contact human and penetrate skin to be caried in the vessels to the heart and lungths
travel through aveoli to throat and then are caughed up and swollowed
reach small intestine to suck blood

238
Q

what do hookworms hatch into

A

rhabditiform larvae

239
Q

what is the infectious form of Hookworms

A

Filariform larvae

240
Q

What happens if hookworms are a small burden

A

Asymptomatic

241
Q

what happens at the point of entry for hookworm disease

A

Ground itch due to pruritic erythematous rash and swelling

242
Q

Pulmonay symptoms of hookworm disease

A

Dry cough

243
Q

Result from the chronic blood loss of hookworm disease

A

Anemia and hypoalbuminenia due to chronic blood loss

244
Q

examples of Tissue nematodes

A

Zoonotic

Anthroponotic

245
Q

what are zoonotic nematodes

A

Natural parasites of domestic and wild animals

246
Q

What are anthroponotic nematodes

A

Part of teh Filarioidea family where humans are the definitive hose

247
Q

What does Trichinella spiralis cause

A

Trichinosis

248
Q

how is Trichinosis caused

A

Eating undercooked pork with encysted larvae

249
Q

What does Trichinella spiralis adult worms penetrate one to two days after host ingess meat

A

Penetrates the intestinal mucosa

250
Q

what does Trichinella spiralis cause when it penetrates the intestinal mucosa

A

Nausea
Ab pain
Diarrhea

251
Q

what does Trichinella spiralis infect after penetrating the intestinal mucosa

A

After a week the larva invades the striated muscle

252
Q

what do the Symptoms of Trichinosis depend on

A

Extent of larval muscle invasion
10 or less: asymptomatic
100+: significant disease
1000-5000: death

253
Q

Common Symptoms of Trichinosis

A

Fever, muscle pain, muscle tenderness, and weekness are most prevalent

254
Q

severe Trichinosis infections lead to

A

Eyelid swelling
Maculopapular skin rash
Small hemorrhages beneath conjunctiva of eyes and nais
Also Myocardial involvement and congestive heart failure can occure

255
Q

Long ribber like worms (Tape worms)

A

cestodes

256
Q

Hosts of the Beef tapeworms

A

Human is the definitive host

Cow is the intermediate host

257
Q

where do Beef tapeworms cysts form

A

In cow muscle

258
Q

Hosts of the Pork tapeworm

A

Both pork and HUmans are intermediate hosts

259
Q

Who gets cysts from the pork tapeworm

A

Both pork and humans

260
Q

Host of the Fish tapeworm

A

Humans and fish eating mammals are definitve host

Crustacean and fish are the intermediate host

261
Q

How does one contract a Cestode

A

eat uncooked or inadequately coked meat containing cysts ( intermediate hosts)

262
Q

What is a Tapeworm infection

A

Taeniasis

263
Q

Infection cycle of Taeniasis

A

Ingested by an animal
Eggs hatch and oncospheres penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to muscles where they become cysticerci
Humans Ingest cysticerci from undercooked meat
Adult tapeworm develops in human small intesting over several months

264
Q

How is the beef tapeworm contracted?

A

by eating meat containg larval form and infected in the gut lumen of humsn

265
Q

what can eggs of beef tapeworms inefect

A

Infect bovine or herbivore (intermediate host)

266
Q

commonness of Beff tapeworms

A

Rare in US due to proper sanitation and federal inspection of meat

267
Q

symptoms of the beef tapeworm

A

Mostly asymptomatic

only apparent when proglottids are spontaneously bassed in feces

268
Q

How to treat beef tapeworms

A

Single dose of antiparasitic drug

269
Q

How to prevent transmission of beef tapeowrm

A

Thorough cooking of meat prevents transmission

270
Q

How does one acquire a pork tapeworm

A

Eating undercooked pork systs (human is defintive hosts)

271
Q

Pork tapeworm eggs can infect who

A

Pigs and humans

272
Q

the intermediate host of a pork tapeworm

A

humans

273
Q

what happens if pork tapeworm eggs are ingested by humans due to human fecal contamination instead of the tapeworm

A

Cysts form in the muscle

274
Q

what happens if the pork tapeworm infects the brain

A

Causes seizures and death

275
Q

where are pork tapeworms found

A

Rarely in the US pigs, mostly immigrants from central america

276
Q

where can cysticercosis from pork tapeworm develop

A 
Subcutaneous tissues
Muscles
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Eye
Brain
277
Q

What needs to remain viable for Cysticercosis to remain asymptomatic

A

the Cysticeri

278
Q

what leads to the inflammatory reactio(fever, muscle pains and eosinophilia) from Cysticerci

A

Death of the larvae

279
Q

What are the neglected parasitic infections (NPIs) targets by the CDC

A 
Chagas disease
Cysticercosis
Toxocariasis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichomoniasis

micro exam 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions