Uterus, Uterine Tubes And Cervix

Question 1

What is the endometrium?

Answer 1

Recptive lining for the implanation of an embryo

Question 2

What is the myometrium (Basic)?

Answer 2

Thick muscular layer of the uterus

Question 3

What is the perimetrium (basic)?

Answer 3

The outside layer of the uterus

Question 4

Why is an infants uterus bigger than a child’s?

Answer 4

Maternal steroids influence it

Question 5

What is the endometrium thickness dependant on?

Answer 5

Steroids and hormonal changes

Question 6

What does oestrogen cause in the proliferative (follicular) phase?

Answer 6

Growth/thickening of the endometrium

Question 7

What does progesterone cause in the secretory (luteal) phase?

Answer 7

Differentiation of the endometrium

Question 8

When is most of the endometrium lost?

Answer 8

At mensturation

Question 9

What is the proliferative (follicular) phase stimulated by?

Answer 9

Oestrogen

Question 10

What happens to the glands of the endometrium in the proliferative (follicular) phase?

Answer 10

Expand and become tortuous, increase in vascularity and neoangiogenesis

Question 11

What does the endometrium look like in the proliferative (follicular phase)?

Answer 11

Ciliated

Question 12

Why does the endometrium stop expanding in the secretory phase?

Answer 12

Gradual rise in progesterone causes a reduction in cell division

Question 13

What happens to the glands in the secretory (luteal) phase?

Answer 13

Increase in tortuosity and distension

Question 14

Why does oedema occur in the endometrial secretory (luteal) phase?

Answer 14

Increased vascular permeability and the arterioles contract and grow tightly around

Question 15

What is the corpus luteum stimulated by?

Answer 15

LH from the pituitary during the luteal phase

Question 16

What does the fertilised oocyte produce?

Answer 16

hCG

Question 17

What does the hCG act on?

Answer 17

The corpus luteum to rescue it from dying

Question 18

What does the corpus luteum become after apoptosis?

Answer 18

Corpus albicans

Question 19

What does prostaglandin release cause in menstruation?

Answer 19

Contraction of spiral arterioles

Question 20

How does menstruation happen?

Answer 20

Contraction of spiral arterioles
Hypoxia causes necrosis
Vessels dilate and bleeding ensues
Proteolic enzymes are released from the dying tissue

Question 21

How much of the endometrium is lost in 24 hours?

Answer 21

50%

Question 22

What volume lost is considered normal in menstruation?

Answer 22

80 mL

Question 23

What is left after menstruation?

Answer 23

The basal layer

Question 24

What is the basal layer covered with?

Answer 24

An extension of the glandular epithelium

Question 25

What are the three layers of the uterine tube?

Answer 25

Mucosa, muscularis and serosa

Question 26

In which part of the uterine tubes do the egg and sperm meet?

Answer 26

Ampulla

Question 27

What are the three types of cells in the mucosa of the uterine tube?

Answer 27

Secretory, columnar ciliated epithelial and non-ciliated peg

Question 28

What do the secretory cells of the uterine tube secrete?

Answer 28

Growth factors, nutrients and signalling molecules

Question 29

What are the parts of the muscularis in the uterine tube?

Answer 29

Inner circle, outer longitudinal layers, blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 30

Which part of the uterine tubes is the serosa?

Answer 30

The outside

Question 31

What do epithelial cells express in response to estradiol?

Answer 31

Estrogen receptors

Question 32

When is the only time the oocyte can pass down the uterine tube?

Answer 32

Mid-cycle

Question 33

What is special about mid-cycle that means the oocyte can pass down the uterine tube?

Answer 33

Cilia beat, secretory cells are active and there are muscular layer contractions

Question 34

How long does the egg remain in the uterine tube for?

Answer 34

Approx 5 days

Question 35

In which ways can the lining of the uterine tube be damaged?

Answer 35

Infection, endometriosis, surgery or adhesions

Question 36

What can damage to the uterine epithelium cause?

Answer 36

Pain, infertility or an ectopic pregnancy

Question 37

What are the two procedures that check the tubal patency of a uterine tube?

Answer 37

Laparoscopy and dye (lap 'n' dye) and hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy)

Question 38

How do you carry out lap 'n' dye?

Answer 38

Uterine cannula in through the vagina and cervix Inject a blue dye into the uterus Use a laparoscope through the abdomen to see the dye

Question 39

How do you carry out HyCoSy?

Answer 39

Uterine cannula in through the vagina and cervix Inject an ultrasound opaque dye into the uterus Use ultrasound to check the passage of dye through the uterus and uterine tubes

Question 40

Why would you do lap 'n' dye instead of HyCoSy?

Answer 40

If you think there's some kind of pathology in the abdominal region and if the patient is allergic to the HyCoSy dye

Question 41

How thick is the endocervical muscosa?

Answer 41

3mm

Question 42

What is the cervix lined with?

Answer 42

A single layer of columnar mucous cells with mucus glands that empty the alkaline locus into the lumen

Question 43

What is the ectocervix covered with?

Answer 43

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 44

Where is the ectocervix?

Answer 44

The outside of the cervix

Question 45

What does the mid-cycle oestrogen levels do to the mucus?

Answer 45

Less viscous, glycoproteins align to form microscopic channels to allow passage of sperm

Question 46

What happens to the cervix in the luteal phase?

Answer 46

Reduced secretions and increased mucosal viscosity

Question 47

What is the vagina lined with?

Answer 47

Specialised squamous epithelial cells

Question 48

What are the vaginas barriers to infection?

Answer 48

Layers of epithelial cells shed constantly and exit with secretions, secretions coming from the cervix and are generally acidic

Question 49

Where are the Bartholins glands found?

Answer 49

Slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina