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Physiology 2 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical umbrella schizophrenia falls under?

A

Major psychoses

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2
Q

Why is schizophrenia the most important major psychosis?

A

Early onset, prevalence and how disabling and chronic it is

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3
Q

What is schizophrenia (generally)?

A

A mental state out of touch with reality
Abnormalities of perception, thoughts and ideas
Profound alterations in behaviour

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4
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

A

1% of the population

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5
Q

What is the difference between men and women’s schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Men onset at a younger age,
Have a higher propensity for negative symptoms,
Lower social functioning
Co-morbid substance abuse

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6
Q

What phase may a schizophrenic go through in their late teenage years before the onset of symptoms?

A

Social isolation, withdrawal and an interest in fringe cults

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7
Q

What are the positive schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised thought/speech
Movement disorders

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8
Q

What are the negative schizophrenia symptoms?

A 
Social withdrawal
Anhedonia
Lack of motivation
Poverty of speech
Emotional flatness
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9
Q

What are some cognitive schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Impaired working memory, attention and comprehension

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10
Q

What has to be present to be classed as schizophrenia?

A

Two or more symptoms for at least six months

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11
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Lack of pleasure

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12
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Perception experienced without stimulus

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13
Q

What type of hallucinations happen most commonly in schizophrenics?

A

Auditory

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14
Q

What happens in auditory hallucinations?

A

Patient hears voices talking about them/ to them, giving a running commentary or echoing their thoughts

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15
Q

What is a delusion?

A

Fixed/ unshakeable belief that is not consistent with cultural/ social norms

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16
Q

What is a state of catatonia?

A

Motionless, mute, expressionless, uncomfortable or contorted postures

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17
Q

What is a state of cataplexy?

A

Sudden loss of muscle control

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18
Q

What are some motor, volitional and behavioural disorders associated with schizophrenia?

A 
Purposeless, repetitive acts, 
altered facial expression, 
cataplexy, 
catatonia, 
Extreme hyperactivity and impulsive behaviours
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19
Q

What is a formal thought disorder?

A

Disorder in conceptual thinking

20
Q

What is formal thought disorder reflected in?

A

Speech that is difficult to understand and rapid shifts from one subject to another

21
Q

What are some cognitive deficits shown by schizophrenics?

A

Selective attention, problem solving and memory

22
Q

What affect do cognitive deficits have?

A

Decreased responsiveness to emotional issues and expression of emotion being inappropriate to the situation

23
Q

What does it mean that schizophrenics have a lack of insight?

A

Patients don’t normally accept that anything is wrong or that treatment is necessary

24
Q

What is the chance an identical twin will be diagnosed with schizophrenia if the other is?

A

50%

25
Q

What is the chance one non-identical twin will develop schizophrenia if the other twin does?

A

14%

26
Q

What are some of the candidate genes suggested to have a role in schizophrenia?

A

COMT, DISC1, GRM3

27
Q

What are some risk factors for developing schizophrenia?

A

Mother gets influenza in pregnancy, pregnancy/ birth complications, stress and drug use

28
Q

What are the types of pregnancy/ birth complications that are risk factors for schizophrenics?

A

Low birthweight, premature birth, asphyxia during birth

29
Q

What drugs can be a risk factor for developing schizophrenia?

A

Cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, LSD

30
Q

What are the general pathophysiologies of schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine hypothesis, brain structure differences, hypofrontility and NMDA receptor evidence

31
Q

What are the two sections in the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Hyperactivity of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway or hypoactivity of the dopaminergic mesocortical pathways

32
Q

What does hyperactivity of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway cause?

A

Positive schizophrenia symptoms

33
Q

What does hypoactivity of the dopaminergic mesocortical pathways cause?

A

Decreased cognition

34
Q

What is the pharmacological evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Amphetamine enhances dopamine release in schizophrenics more than in controls
Reserpine depletes DA and controls positive symptoms
Strong correlation between D2 blocking acitivity and antipsychotic action

35
Q

What is the evidence against the dopamine hypothesis?

A

No clear change in the CSF HVA concentration

No change in dopamine receptors in drug-free patients (changes attributed to drug treatments)

36
Q

What is hypofrontility?

A

Reduced blood flow (and possibly reduced activity) to the frontal cortex

37
Q

What are some brain structure differences in schizophrenics?

A

Slightly smaller overall brain size
Reduced grey matter
Enlarged lateral ventricles

38
Q

What are the types of treatment for schizophrenia?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy
Electroconvulcive therapy (rarely used now)
Pharmacological treatments

39
Q

What do antipsychotics do?

A

Block dopamine D2 receptors which stops hyperactivity of the dopaminergic pathways

40
Q

What are the two classes of antipsychotics?

A

Typical and atypical

41
Q

What do the typical antipsychotics do?

A

Mainly antagonise D2 receptors

42
Q

What do atypical antipsychotics do?

A

Mainly antagonise D2 and serotonin 2A receptors

43
Q

What are the side effects of the D2 receptor blockade acting on the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Movement disorders like dystonia, dyskinesia and Parkinsonism

44
Q

What are the side effects of the D2 receptor blockade acting on the pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin release causing breast swelling, lactation and impotence

45
Q

What are the side effects of the alpha adrenoreceptor receptor blockade?

A

Postural hypotension, nasal congestion and hypothermia

46
Q

What are some other side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Sedation, weight gain and photosensitisation

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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