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Physiology 2 > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Driving force, physical need and wanting or liking something

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2
Q

What is motivation controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the prandial state?

A

Full/ eating state when anabolism happens

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Food breakdown

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of food stores

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6
Q

What is the postabsorbtive state?

A

Fasting state when catabolism happens

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7
Q

What is parabiosis?

A

Sharing of blood circulation between animals

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8
Q

What is the effect of parabiosis on body weight in ob/ob mice?

A

Blood bourne signals are shared about the hypothalamus (so a genetically obese mouse would loose weight)

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9
Q

What happens following a fat-rich meal?

A

Adipose tissues produce leptin which signals to the Arcuate nucleus to tell you to stop eating

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10
Q

What do mice show if they’ve got a lesion in the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A

Increase in food intake and body weight

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11
Q

What does lateral hypothalamic syndrome cause?

A

Diminished appetite for food = anorexia

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12
Q

What does ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome cause?

A

Overeating and obesity

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13
Q

What are lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic syndromes both associated with?

A

Related to leptin signalling

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14
Q

What is the anorexic response?

A

Elevated leptin levels sensed by specialised cell bodies in the Arcuate nucleus that release alpha MSH and CART

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15
Q

What does CART stand for?

A

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

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16
Q

What does alpha MSH and CART project to?

A

Lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, spinal cord and preganglionic neurons of sympathetic autonomic NS

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17
Q

What do alpha MSH and CART do in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Inhibit feeding behaviour

18
Q

What do alpha MSH and CART do in the paraventricular nucleus?

A

Induce CRH and TRH

19
Q

What is an orexigenic response?

A

Response to decreased leptin levels

20
Q

What happens when decreased leptin levels are sensed?

A

Arcuate nucleus releases NPY and AgRP

21
Q

What do NPY and AgRP project to?

A

Lateral hypothalamic area and paraventricular nucleus

22
Q

What do NPY and AgRP do in the lateral hypothalamic area?

A

Stimulates feeding behaviour

23
Q

What do NPY and AgRP do in the paraventricular nucleus?

A

Inhibits secretion of hypophysiotropic hormones controlling ACTH and TSH

24
Q

What do the LH neurons stimulating feeding behaviour contain?

A

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin

25
Q

What does MCH do?

A

Prolongs consumption

26
Q

What does orexin do?

A

Promotes meal initiation and related to narcolepsy and addiction behaviour

27
Q

What are the three phases in the satiety cascade?

A

Cephalic, gastric and substrate (intestinal)

28
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase?

A

Ghrelin released when the stomach is empty

Activated NPY/AgRP containing neurons in the Arcuate nucleus

29
Q

What can doctors do to cause a loss of appetite?

A

Removal of the ghrelin-secreting cells of the stomach

30
Q

What happens in the substrate (intestinal) phase?

A

Gastric distension signals to the brain via the vagus nerve

Works with CCK released in the intestines in response to foods

31
Q

Why do we eat?

A 
Hedonic (liking food) 
Drive reduction (Wanting food)
32
Q

Which facet of eating are the dopaminergic systems involved in?

A

Wanting/craving

33
Q

What is the reward system?

A

Dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens where dopamine gets released

34
Q

How do drugs of abuse hijack the reward system?

A

Causing extensive and disproportionate release of dopamine

35
Q

What are the stages of the addiction cycle?

A 
Acute reinforcement/social drug taking
Escalating/compulsive use
Dependence
Withdrawal
Protracted withdrawal
Recovery
36
Q

What is dependant drug use driven by?

A

Need to stop withdrawal symptoms

37
Q

What happens in obese people that binge eat?

A

Downregulation of D2 receptors so they get less reward

38
Q

What are the key neural circuits of reinforcement?

A

Hippocampus involved in the memory of reward and the amygdalas involved in the emotional connection

39
Q

What is microdialysis?

A

Measuring neurotransmitter release in vivo

40
Q

What is dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens correlated with?

A

Motivation and the anticipation of reward

41
Q

How are mood and food connected?

A

Serotonin in hypothalamus rises in anticipation of food and spike during a meal

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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