Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion?

A

Feelings you experience

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2
Q

What does the elevated arm experiment test for?

A

Anxiety

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3
Q

What does the forced swim test test for?

A

Depression

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4
Q

What happens in the elevated arm experiment?

A

Maze with 2 open arms and 2 arms with sides

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5
Q

What are the reactions of normal and anxious mice in the elevated arm experiment?

A

Normal mice spends more time in the open arms than anxious mice

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6
Q

What happens in the forced swim test?

A

5 litre beaker full of water

Put mice in and wait till it stops swimming

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7
Q

What do you measure in the forced swim test?

A

Time it takes the mouse to stop swimming

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8
Q

What does the three chambered box measure for?

A

Sociability

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9
Q

What happens in the 3 chambered box test?

A

3 chambers with interconnected doors

In the two end chambers are cages - one with a mouse inside and one empty

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10
Q

What do you measure in the 3 chambered box test?

A

The amount of time the mouse spends with the other mouse and how long it spends on its own

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11
Q

What are the two theories of emotions?

A

James- lange and cannon-bard

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12
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

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13
Q

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

A

We can experience emotions independantly of emotional expression

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14
Q

Where is broca’s limbic lobe found?

A

Primitive cortical gyri that form a ring around the corpus callosum

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15
Q

What does broca’s limbic lobe include?

A

Parahippocampal, Cingulate and subcallosal gyrus
Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus

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16
Q

What is the papez circuit?

A

Limbic structures including the cingulate cortex that are involved in emotion

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17
Q

How does rabies relate to emotion?

A

Implicates hippocampus in emotion-> hyper emotional responses

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18
Q

What do lesions on the anterior thalamus lead to?

A

Spontaneous laughing or crying

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19
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

attaching a behavioural significance and response to a stimulus, especially with respect to its emotional content

20
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus’ role in the limbic system?

A

Complex motor control, pain perception and social interactions

21
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus proper and parahippocampal areas?

A

Primary function in memory (critical role in connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories

22
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Involved in learning and storage of emotional aspects of experience

23
Q

What are the issues with the single emotion system?

A

Diversity of emotions and brain activity and many structures are involved in emotion

24
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

Next to the hippocampus at the base of the third ventricle

25
Q

What does the amygdala consist of?

A

Corticomedial nuclei, central nucleus and basolateral nucleus

26
Q

Where does the amygdala receive input from?

A

Neocortex

27
Q

Where does the amygdala output to?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Which parts of the hypothalamus do the amygdala reach out to?

A

Stria terminalis and ventral amygalofugal pathway

29
Q

What changes when you remove the temporal lobe?

A
Good visual perception but poor recognition
Psychic blindness
Oral tendencies
Reduced fear
Altered sexual behaviour
30
Q

What happens in a human amygdalectomy?

A
Reduced fear and aggression
Hypersexuality
Oral tendencies
Reduced ability to recognise a fearful expression
Flattened emotions
31
Q

What happens when you electrically stimulate the amygdala?

A

Increased vigilance, anxiety, fear and aggression

32
Q

What is learned fear confirmed by?

A

fMRI and PET imaging

33
Q

What are the hormones involved in aggression?

A

Testosterone

34
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A

Predatory aggression and affective aggression

35
Q

What is predatory aggression?

A

Attacks made against a member of a different species to obtain load

36
Q

What is affective aggression?

A

Threatening posture to maintain social hierarchy

37
Q

What is the surgery to reduce aggression?

A

Amygdalectomy or psychosurgery

38
Q

What are the effects of amygdalectomy?

A

Reduction in aggressive behaviour and anxiety

39
Q

What are the neural components of anger and aggression beyond the amygdala?

A

Hypothalamus, serotonin and cerebral cortex

40
Q

What does removal of cerebral hemispheres but not the hypothalamus lead to?

A

Sham rage

41
Q

What is sham rage?

A

Massive anger/ aggression

42
Q

What does electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

Affective and predatory aggression

43
Q

What are the two hypothalamic pathways to the brainstem involving autonomic function?

A

Medial forebrain bundle -> VTA

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> periaquiductal gray matter

44
Q

Which hypothalamic pathway results in which type of aggression?

A

Medial forebrain bundle = predatory aggression

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus = affective aggression

45
Q

What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis?

A

aggression is inversely related to serotonergic activity

46
Q

Which agonists decrease anxiety and aggressiveness?

A

5HT 1A and 1B