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Physiology 2 > Muscle Structure And Adaptation > Flashcards

Muscle Structure And Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle fibres classified into?

A

Slow and fast twitch fibres

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2
Q

What type of respiration do slow twitch fibres do?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

What type of respiration do fast twitch fibres do?

A

Glycolytic or mixed

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4
Q

What is the vascularisation of slow twitch fibres?

A

Rich

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5
Q

What is the vascularisation of fast twitch fibres?

A

Little

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6
Q

How many mitochondria do slow twitch fibres have?

A

Lots

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7
Q

How many mitochondria do fast twitch fibres have?

A

Less

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8
Q

How much myoglobin do slow twitch fibres have?

A

Lots

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9
Q

How much myoglobin do fast twitch fibres have?

A

Little

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10
Q

What is the max force of slow twitch fibres?

A

Moderate

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11
Q

What is the max force of fast twitch fibres?

A

High

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12
Q

Which type of twitch fibre is prone to fatigue?

A

Fast

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13
Q

What category of muscles are more likely to have a higher slow twitch proportion?

A

Constantly used muscles like postural muscles

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14
Q

What category of muscles are more likely to have a higher fast twitch proportion?

A

Burst of power muscles (jumping, sprinting etc)

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15
Q

What can vary between myofibril proteins?

A

Calcium sensitivity and rate of ATP hydrolysis

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16
Q

What are the two types of myosin isoforms?

A

Type I myosin heavy chain and type II heavy chain

17
Q

What is the split of slow/fast twitch muscles in untrained humans?

A

Roughly even

18
Q

What is the split of slow/fast twitch muscles in trained humans?

A

Increase in the fibre type they need

19
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

20
Q

How big are motor units?

A

Tens to many hundreds of muscle fibres

21
Q

What does the size of the motor neuron correlate with?

A

Size of the motor unit

22
Q

How can you control the level of muscle force?

A

Recruiting more/less muscle units

23
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Fusion of individual twitches to generate tetanic forces

24
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Slow motor units are recruited first, followed by fast units for higher levels of force generation

25
Q

What leads to complete muscle relaxation?

A

Denervation

26
Q

What do we call completely relaxed muscles?

A

Flaccid

27
Q

What drives the constant low level contractile activity of muscles?

A

Reflex arcs from muscle spindles

28
Q

How does myogenesis work?

A

Paracrine factors induce myogenic regulatory factors in mesodermal precursor cells
Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of growth factors
Cell cycle exits and myogenin is expressed
Structural proteins are expressed and myotubes form from myoblasts

29
Q

What is a satellite cell?

A

Muscle stem cells held back from differentiation to support regeneration and postnatal growth

30
Q

What does muscle fibre growth involve?

A

Satellite cell proliferation and incorporation of nuclei into muscle fibres

31
Q

What do satellite cells do when not needed?

A

Return to quiescence

32
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in muscle mass due to formation of new muscle fibres

33
Q

Does hyperplasia actually happen?

A

Unclear - main mechanism is probably hypertrophy

34
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in muscle mass due to an increase in fibre size

35
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Reduction in muscle mass

36
Q

What is sarcopenia associated with?

A

Decreased satellite cell number and recruitment

37
Q

What is anabolic resistance?

A

Reduced protein synthesis in response to hormonal stimulation or resistance exercise

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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