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Physiology 2 > Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How many stereocilia are in a bundle?

A

30-300

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2
Q

What are the different types of links possible between sterocilla?

A

Lateral link connectors and tip links

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3
Q

What are lateral link connectors?

A

Connections between shafts that hold the bundle together and allow it to move as a unit

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4
Q

How do tip links work?

A

Tension in the tip links distort the sterocilia mechanically, which allows channels to open and close with cilia movement

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5
Q

How do hair cells work?

A

Tip links open ion channels, that causes potassium ions to flow into the cell depolarising it.
Voltage gated calcium channels open which trigger neurotransmitter release at the synapse.

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6
Q

What is the lateral line system?

A

Hair cell system that detects water movement along the outside of fish and amphibians

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7
Q

What do mechanoreceptors in the lateral line system provide?

A

Information about movement through water or the directions and velocity of water flow

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8
Q

What does the internal canal under the epidermis contain?

A

Mechanoreceptors called Neuromasts

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9
Q

Where are superficial neuromasts found?

A

On fish/amphibians surfaces

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10
Q

What encases the sterocilia bundles in fluid?

A

A gelatinous cupola

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11
Q

What is the inner ear formed of?

A

Semicircular canals and cochlea

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12
Q

What system is responsible for balance and motion in mammals?

A

Vestibular system

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13
Q

Which system is the cochlea involved in?

A

Auditory system

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14
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Balance and motion in mammals

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15
Q

Which direction of rotation does the posterior semi-circular canal sense?

A

Roll around the X axis

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16
Q

Which direction of rotation does the anterior semicircular canal sense?

A

Around the Y axis

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17
Q

Which direction of rotation does the horizontal semicircular canal sense?

A

Around the z axis

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18
Q

How do the hair cells sense rotation?

A

Cilia are connected to the gelatinous cupola
Under motion, fluid in the canals lag bc inertia
Pulls the cupola in the opposite direction to the rotation of the head, displacing cilia and depolarising hair cells

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19
Q

How do the otolith organs work?

A

Hair cells are topped by a rigid layer of otoconia crystals

Under acceleration, the crystal layer is displaced, deflecting the cilia

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20
Q

What is the quietest sound we can perceive and how much do the sterocilia move at this volume?

A

20 picoamps, 0.3mm

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21
Q

What is the pathway of sound from the cochlea to the brain?

A

Change in air pressure -> change in fluid motion in the cochlea -> translated into electrical current in the cochlear nucleus-> olivary complex -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body -> auditory complex

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22
Q

What is another name for the outer ear?

A

Pinna

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23
Q

What is the function of the Pinna?

A

Gathers sound from the environment and funnels it into the eardrum

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24
Q

What is the Pinna made of?

A

Cartilage and covered with skin

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25
Q

Which part of the ear filters high frequency (3000-5000 hz)?

A

Flange

26
Q

Which part of the ear filters very high frequency (>5000 hz)?

A

Conchae

27
Q

Which part of the ear filters low frequency?

A

Meatus

28
Q

What is grade I microtia?

A

Less than complete development of the external ear with identifiable structures and a small (but present) ear canal

29
Q

What is grade II microtia?

A

A partially developed ear with a closed stenotic external ear canal producing a conductive hearing loss

30
Q

What is grade III microtia?

A

Absence of the external ear with a small peanut-like vestige structure and an absence of the external ear canal and ear drum

31
Q

What is grade VI microtia?

A

Absence of the total ear or anotia

32
Q

What is another name for the eardrum?

A

tympanic membrane

33
Q

What connects the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea?

A

Ossicles

34
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

35
Q

Which of the ossicles connect to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

36
Q

Which of the ossicles connect to the oval window of the cochlea?

A

Stapes

37
Q

What are the ossicles positioned to create?

A

Amplification

38
Q

What is the space where the bones are usually filled with?

A

Air

39
Q

What is the swanky name for glue ear?

A

Otitis media

40
Q

What happens in otitis media?

A

Middle ear fills with fluid, impeding the ossicle motion

41
Q

What are the three chambers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli, Scala media and Scala tympani

42
Q

What does the Scala media contain?

A

Components for sound transduction

43
Q

What happens when the stapes move back and forth?

A

Creates compression and rarefaction in the fluid of the chambers

44
Q

What does the basilar membrane do?

A

Filters sound according to frequency

45
Q

What is the basilar membrane like far from the oval window?

A

Stiff and narrow

46
Q

What is the basilar membrane like close to the oval window?

A

Stiff and narrow

47
Q

What is the basilar membrane like at the non-oval window end?

A

Wide and compliant

48
Q

What frequencies will the basilar membrane pick up close to the oval window?

A

High

49
Q

What frequencies will the basilar membrane pick up far away from the oval window?

A

Lower

50
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Membrane that inner and outer hair cells are mounted on

51
Q

Do the outer or inner hair cells contact the tectorial membrane?

A

Outer

52
Q

Where does the organ of corti sit?

A

On top of the basilar membrane within the scala media

53
Q

How are inner hair cells arranged?

A

Straight line

54
Q

What type of synapse do the inner hair cells have?

A

Afferent

55
Q

What type of synapse do the outer hair cells have?

A

Efferent

56
Q

How are the outer hair cells arranged?

A

Bundles of arches

57
Q

What does an influx of positive ions do to the outer hair cells?

A

Causes them to contract

58
Q

What happens when the outer hair cells contract?

A

Causes the basilar and tectoral membranes get closer to one another, causing the inner hair cell to move

59
Q

By how much does the cochlea amplify sound by?

A

50dB

60
Q

Are loud sounds amplified in the cochlea?

A

No

61
Q

What drives cochlear cells?

A

High potassium concentration of the endolymph of the scala media

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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