Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

usmle hy notes > USMLE Cardio + internal HY > Flashcards

USMLE Cardio + internal HY Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Most common cause of aortic dissection?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the immediate treatment for aortic dissection?

A

Intravenous beta-blockers

and then to the OR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which type of aortic dissection is treated in the OR?

A

surgery for type A dissections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood pressure differences between limbs, and mediastinal widening on chest X-ray.

Which medical emergency this diagnostic clues suggest?

A

aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is stress testing recommended?

A

Moderate to high pre-test probability of significant coronary heart disease, with a normal baseline ECG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is massive pulmonary embolism defined and treated?

A

Define is Shock

Tx- Fibronolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does long-term treatment of NSTE-ACS include?

A

Lipid-lowering therapy to achieve LDL-C levels <55, adding ezetimibe if needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What defines a positive exercise test?

A

ST depressions of more than 1 mm, flat or downsloping, lasting more than 0.08 seconds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most** specific** ECG pattern for PE?

A

S1Q3T3 pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most common ECG findings in PE?

A

Sinus tachycardia and T-wave inversions in V1-V4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which finding can indicate significant global ischemia of the left ventricle during an exercise test?

A

BP is not increase / BP is drops

During the Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What lifestyle changes are recommended for hypertension management?

A

Weight loss, reducing dietary NaCl intake, and increasing potassium intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cardio

What should raise suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis?

A

Heart failure with hypertrophy on echocardiography and small complexes on ECG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does an abdominal aortic aneurysm’s risk of rupture relate to?

A

The size of the aneurysm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What ECG changes are seen in acute MI?

A

ST elevations in the infarcted wall and ST depressions in other walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is often seen accompanying inferior MI?

A

Right-sided MI in one-third of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the absolute contraindications to thrombolysis?

A
  • Previous hemorrhagic stroke
  • stroke in the past year
  • high blood pressure
  • and active bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How should stable patients with rapid symptomatic atrial fibrillation be initially treated?

A

With rate control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the indication for treatment in asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis?

A

Class 1 indication for treatment when the stenosis is severe (Vmax ≥ 4 m/s) and the patient is undergoing cardiac surgery or when EF < 50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is represented on ECG by ST elevations in leads V1-V6, AVL, and I with reciprocal changes?

A

Anterolateral infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the most important interventions for STEMI?

A

Early revascularization by catheterization or thrombolysis

with catheterization preferred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is thrombolysis the treatment of choice for STEMI?

A

When the patient arrives within an hour of symptom onset and catheterization is delayed by at least an hour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What defines unstable angina?

A
  • Typical pain at rest
  • new angina affecting function
  • worsening of known angina patterns without elevated troponin and often no changes in the resting ECG.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What determines the need for and timing of coronary catheterization in NSTE-ACS?

A

Patient’s risk factors for worsening:
* refractory angina,
* acute heart failure
* hemodynamic instability
* ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the initial management of stable AV block?

A

Ruling out reversible causes, including stopping medications that slow the AV node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the immediate treatment for any unstable arrhythmia?

A

DC shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which AA causes QT prolongation?

A

Class IA and III antiarrhythmic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the clinical presentation of right-sided infarction?

A

Shock without pulmonary congestion signs, often accompanied by inferior infarction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an effective treatment for SVT in young patients with recurrent episodes?

A

Ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

from which Diameter Symptoms in MS usally occur?

A

typically start below a valve area of 1.5 cm²

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is polymorphic VT due to prolonged QT called?

A

Torsades de Pointes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of beta-blockers in myocardial infarction?

A

Reduce symptoms, infarct size, risk of ventricular arrhythmias, and play a role in secondary prevention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the general treatment for myocardial infarction?

A

Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and anti-ischemic medications, with timing of revascularization depending on the type of MI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which medication reduces mortality after STEMI both acutely and long-term?

A

Beta-blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What should be done for a patient with rapid atrial fibrillation that started less than 48 hours ago and is hemodynamically stable?

A

Anticoagulation and rhythm conversion by drugs or electricity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is pulseless VT treated?

A

Like VF, with unsynchronized electrical shock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What indicates a positive response during right heart catheterization with adenosine?

Aka positive reactivity test

A

Decrease in MPAP by more than 10 mmHg to 40 mmHg or less without reducing CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the treatment when the reactivity test is positive?

A

Calcium channel blockers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When should a prophylactic defibrillator be implanted in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

When two out of six common risk factors are present; sometimes one is sufficient.

risk factors
* sudden death in one or more first-degree relatives
* maximal LV wall thickness ≥30 mm
* recent and unexplained syncopal event
* non-sustained VT on monitor
* Cardiac arrest or susteined VT
* fail to increase /decrease BP during excersice

Sustained ventricular tachycardia is defined as tachycardia that continues for more than 30 seconds or leads to hemodynamic compromise within 30 seconds and requires intervention. On the other hand, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia lasts less than 30 seconds and does not cause hemodynamic instability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What heart sound will not appear in a patient with atrial fibrillation?

A

S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are absolute contraindications to beta-blockers?

A
  • Significant conduction disorders
  • shock
  • low blood pressure states
  • severe reactive airway disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How can pulmonary hypertension be diagnosed?

A

Echocardiogram, with right heart catheterization as the gold standard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What phenomenon occurs with the initiation of ACEI treatment?

A

An increase in creatinine due to a decrease in GFR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What should raise suspicion of primary pulmonary hypertension?

A

Sparse clinical findings in early stages and the clinical story.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the typical treatment for pericarditis?

A

NSAIDs and colchicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the first-line treatment for pericarditis?

A

NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

. What findings in non-invasive tests require coronary catheterization?

A

High-risk indicators for coronary events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How long is colchicine treatment recommended in pericarditis?

A

3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the clinical features of tamponade?

A

Backs Triad
* Hypotension
* Distended Jugular venous
* distant heart sounds

also:
pulsus paradoxsus
electrical alternans on ECG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What effect do aldosterone antagonists have on mortality in heart failure?

A

reduce mortality in patients with symptomatic systolic heart failure NYHA II to IV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the initial ECG signs of hyperkalemia?

A

Peaked T waves&raquo_space; flattened P waves, and QRS widening until VF and asystole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What effect does Sotalol have?

A

Non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Asthma pt have a relative C/I to __________ drugs

A

Beta-adrenergic blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the Class I indications for surgery to correct chronic severe mitral insufficiency?

A
  • Symptoms onset + EF ≤ 60%
  • LVESD ≥ 40 mm in asymptomatic patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What drugs should be avoided in WPW with atrial fibrillation?

A

Drugs that slow AV node inhibition, like verapamil and digoxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How is the need for anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter determined?

A

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score
C- CHF
H- HTN
A- age > 75 2 points
D- DM
S- Stroke/ TIA 2 points

V-vascular disease
A- age >65
S- sex (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the drug treatment of SVT?

A

IV adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the management for an asymptomatic patient with Mobitz Type I 2nd degree AVB?

A

Monitoring only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are some side effects of Amiodarone?

A

Liver damage, pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are known complications of myocardial infarction that may require pacemaker implantation?

A

Conduction and rhythm disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What drug has been shown to reduce VT events in Brugada disease?

A

Quinidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is a normal finding in athletes that does not require treatment?

A

Sinus arrest of up to 3 seconds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What drugs are commonly used for rate control in atrial fibrillation?

A

Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers

Digoxin can also.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is pacemaker syndrome?

A

Symptoms from lack of synchronization between the atrium and ventricle, including fatigue, jugular venous distention, shortness of breath, syncope, dizziness, and heart failure signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the clinical presentations of severe aortic stenosis?

A

Chest pain, shortness of breath, and syncope, with a weak or absent S2 indicating severe calcification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the immediate treatment for unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT)?

A

Unsynchronized electrical shock.

like VF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What characterizes Brugada syndrome?

A

ST elevations in leads V1-V3,
with arrhythmias during sleep and induced by fever.

68
Q

What electrolytes conditions can prolong the QT interval?

A

Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia

69
Q

What is the drug of choice for stroke prevention in patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation and moderate or severe mitral stenosis?

A

Warfarin

70
Q

What is the likelihood of surviving resuscitation dependent on?

A

The mechanism of the arrhythmia, with pulseless VT and VF having the best prognosis

71
Q

How is atrial fibrillation in people with WPW treated?

A

Procainamide or ibutilide, or electrical cardioversion

72
Q

What is the effect of adenosine on the QT interval?

A

not prolong QT but may cause prolonged pauses.

73
Q

What is the most common persistent arrhythmia?

A

AF

74
Q

What characterizes Brugada syndrome and its treatment?

A

ST elevations in right chest leads and RBBB

requiring AICD implantation in patients with unexplained syncope or after resuscitation.

75
Q

What is unique about the VT characteristic of digoxin toxicity?

A

Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia with a 180-degree change in axis between beats.

76
Q

What is the initial treatment for stable SVT?

A

Vagal maneuvers or IV adenosine.

77
Q

What antibiotics are known to prolong QT?

A

Azitromycin and flueroquinolone

78
Q

What is the primary treatment for Torsades de Pointes?

A

IV magnesium

79
Q

What is the treatment for VT with a pulse even with some hemodynamic compromise?

A

Synchronized shock

80
Q

What is an important principle in VF resuscitation?

A

Early defibrillation

81
Q

What is paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound (S2)?

A

A pathological delay in the closure of the aortic valve,

seen in conditions like LBBB, AS, and HOCM

82
Q

What murmur in young patients usually indicates a functional murmur?

A

A faint mid-systolic murmur with normal ECG and chest X-ray

83
Q

heart sounds

What are typical findings of Aortic Stenosis (AS)?

A

S4
ejection murmur at the heart’s base
and paradoxical splitting in severe cases.

84
Q

What murmur is classic for Mitral Stenosis (MS)?

A

Mid-diastolic murmur with an opening snap

85
Q

What is the most common cardiac tumor?

A

Myxoma

86
Q

What should be suspected in a young woman with a “tumor plop” sound?

A

Myxoma

87
Q

What is mitral stenosis and its typical findings in pregnancy?

A

Valvular defect; accentuated first heart sound and an opening snap followed by a diastolic murmur.

88
Q

How is mitral valve insufficiency generally treated?

A

Surgical

89
Q

When should surgery be considered for primary mitral valve insufficiency?

A

Operate earlier, even without symptoms.

90
Q

What are the typical findings of severe AS?

A

Parvus et tardus pulse, weak second sound, and a systolic ejection murmur that weakens when transitioning from lying to standing and during the Valsalva maneuver

91
Q

What are the main indications for TAVI?

A
  • Severe symptomatic AS
  • asymptomatic patients with EF below 50%
  • candidates for other cardiac surgery.

אחד מהם

92
Q

What are the indications for valve replacement in severe aortic stenosis?

A

Valve area <1 cm²
pressure gradient >40 mmHg
flow velocity >4 m/s
in symptomatic patients, left ventricular dysfunction
or candidates for other heart surgery.

93
Q

How should severe asymptomatic aortic stenosis be managed?

A

Periodic evaluation with clinical assessment and echocardiography.

94
Q

What common toxin causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Alcohol

95
Q

What improvement can occur in dilated cardiomyopathy with alcohol abstinence?

A

Significant improvement within six months.

96
Q

What combination of medications improves prognosis in systolic heart failure?

A

Hydralazine and nitrates.

97
Q

What is the treatment approach for peripartum cardiomyopathy?

A

Similar to heart failure: beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, Aldactone.

98
Q

How can diuretics affect HOCM?

A

Worsen obstruction due to hypovolemia

99
Q

What other side effects can niacin cause?

A

Increased blood sugar, uric acid levels, and liver enzyme disturbance.

100
Q

Should patients with heart failure receive beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors even if asymptomatic?

A

Yes, if no contraindications.

101
Q

What is BNP and what does it diagnose?

A

BNP is a natriuretic peptide that diagnoses left and right heart failure.

102
Q

When is primary prevention ICD implantation recommended?

A
  • EF of 35% or less and NYHA class 2-3,
  • post-MI with an EF of 30% or less regardless of NYHA class.
103
Q

How is malignant hypertension manifesting as hypertensive encephalopathy treated?

A

Lower blood pressure with IV labetalol or nitroprusside to around 160/100 or up to 25% of MAP.

104
Q

What is the treatment for most cases of renal artery stenosis?

A

Medical treatment, with vascular intervention only for advanced kidney failure or uncontrolled blood pressure.

105
Q

What is the primary treatment for amyloid cardiomyopathy?

A

loop diuretics like furosemide

106
Q

What is the primary treatment for alcohol-related DCM?

A

Abstinence

107
Q

What is thiazide’s mode of action in hypertension treatment?

A

diuretic and vasodilator

108
Q

What drugs form the basis of HFrEF treatment?

A

RAAS blockers
beta-blockers
aldosterone antagonists
SGLT2 inhibitors.

109
Q

What is recommended for patients who remain symptomatic despite ACEI/ARB treatment in HFrEF?

A

ARNI treatment.

110
Q

What are conditions that cause heart failure due to high cardiac output?

A

Metabolic conditions like thyrotoxicosis, chronic anemia, and arteriovenous shunt in conditions like Beriberi disease

111
Q

What does treatment with Candesartan achieve in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

A

Reduces hospitalizations but does not reduce mortality.

112
Q

What are known side effects of nifedipine?

A

Leg edema and headaches

113
Q

What is Aldactone’s role in HFrEF treatment?

A

Used when beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB treatment does not achieve balance.

114
Q

What is a risk factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

A

Systemic hypertension

115
Q

How is hemochromatosis classified, and how is it diagnosed?

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy; diagnosed by MRI or heart biopsy with iron staining.

116
Q

What is the effect of digoxin on heart failure hospitalizations?

A

Reduces hospitalization rates

117
Q

What supportive treatment of right-sided infarction include?

A

IV fluids to improve right ventricular function.

118
Q

How is unstable angina diagnosed?

A

Clinical diagnosis- course of progressive severe chest pain
* Normal resting ECG
* Normal Troponin

Definition: Typical pain at rest, new angina affecting function, or worsening of known angina patterns without elevated troponin and often no changes in the resting ECG.

119
Q

What risk does DKA pose on potassium levels?

A

Risk for Hypokalemia

120
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

121
Q

In which conditions is a wide pulse pressure expected?

3 conditions

A

Atherosclerosis
thyrotoxicosis
aortic regurgitation (AR).

122
Q

What mainly determines the treatment of hypertensive crises?

A

Severity of target organ damage, not absolute blood pressure values.

123
Q

How should blood pressure be reduced in malignant hypertension?

A

Moderately, by up to 25% in MAP over two hours or more.

MAP = 1/3 X SBP + 2/3 DBP

124
Q

Which emergency is microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with?

A

Emergencies related to malignant hypertension.

125
Q

What is the treatment of choice for microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in hypertensive emergencies?

A

Rapid blood pressure reduction with intravenous medications.

126
Q

What should be suspected in elderly patients with treatment-resistant hypertension and an abdominal bruit?

A

Renal artery stenosis (RAS).

127
Q

What is the standard treatment for most cases of acute pericarditis?

A

High-dose NSAIDs or aspirin (first line) for 3 months

+- colchicine

if not worked- steroids

128
Q

How is the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension confirmed?

A

Swan gantz Cathether

129
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for Kussmaul sign?

A

Constrictive pericarditis
restrictive cardiomyopathy
right ventricular MI (RVMI)
tricuspid valve stenosis.

Increased jugular venous pressure with inspiration is commonly referred to as Kussmaul’s sign

130
Q

What are the initial ECG signs of hyperkalemia?

A

peak T waves&raquo_space; Flattent P wave&raquo_space; QRS widening&raquo_space; VF + asystole

131
Q

What characterizes Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm (AIVR)?

A

A ventricular arrhythmia with a rate up to 100 bpm, common around MI, usually not requiring specific treatment.

132
Q

What often complicates viral illness?

A

Acute/subacute myocarditis

132
Q

What contributes to the development of myocarditis and clinical heart failure syndrome in viral illness?

A

The virus himself and immune response.

133
Q
A
134
Q
A
135
Q

What complication of uremia indicates dialysis?

A

Pure Pericarditis, no Ecg changes

136
Q

What are the clinical features of pericarditis?

A
  • Chest pain
  • Friction rub
  • diffuse ST elevations + PR depressions
  • elevated inflammatory markers
  • pericardial effusion
137
Q

What is the test of choice for the initial evaluation of heart function?

A

Echocardiography

138
Q

What is postcardiac injury syndrome and its treatment?

A

Pericarditis due to myocardial injury, treated with aspirin or NSAIDs combined with colchicine.

139
Q

What is the test of choice for monitoring abdominal aortic aneurysm in men over 65 who smoked?

A

Abdominal US

140
Q

When should symptomatic or large abdominal aortic aneurysms be repaired?

A

> 5.5-6 cm

141
Q

What syndrome is associated with aortic aneurysms and aortic insufficiency?

A

Marfan syndrome

also MVP

141
Q

What tests should be performed for every patient diagnosed with hypertension?

A

Urinalysis and protein test.

141
Q

How is pulmonary hypertension initially assessed?

A

Echocardiography

142
Q

What is linked to isolated systolic hypertension and increased pulse pressure in primary hypertension?

A

Arterial wall stiffness.

143
Q

What condition can ACE inhibitors and ARBs exacerbate, and when should they be avoided?

A

Hyperkalemia

144
Q

What is the initial evaluation method for suspected RAS (renal artery stenosis)?

A

Renal artery Doppler ultrasound.

145
Q
A
146
Q

What is the main cause of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Idiopathic, diagnosed after ruling out other known causes.

147
Q
A
148
Q

What indicates a rapid lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive emergencies?

A

Signs of encephalopathy (headache, papilledema).

148
Q

What defines a hypertensive emergency?

A

Systolic BP >180 or diastolic BP >120 with evidence of target organ damage.

148
Q

What are thiazides known for in hypertension treatment?

A

Reliable antihypertensive drugs

148
Q

What is the most common etiology of renal artery stenosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

148
Q

What is a common cause of secondary hypertension and blood pressure imbalance?

A

Renal artery stenosis

148
Q

What is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics?

A

Hyponatremia

149
Q

What lifestyle changes are recommended for hypertension management?

A

Weight loss
reducing dietary NaCl intake
increasing potassium intake.

150
Q

Which type of toxicity cause Adriamycin (chemotherapy)?

A

Cardiotoxic, potentially causing cardiomyopathy

151
Q

What receptors does Aldactone bind to, and what are the side effects?

A

Binds- Progesterone + androgen receptors
Side effects- gnycomastia, impotence, ammneorhea

152
Q

How is Eplerenone different from Aldactone?

A

** selective aldosterone blocke**
Not causing Gnycomastia in mans (10% gnycomastia in mans under aldactone) + ammneorhea

153
Q

Where is a myxoma typically located?

A

Left atrium, attached to the septum

154
Q

What systemic symptoms can a myxoma present with?

A

Fever, weight loss

155
Q

Which diuretics are potassium-sparing?

A

Amiloride and Eplerenone

156
Q

What type of repair may reduce perioperative mortality in abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Endovascular repair.

157
Q

Tx for Peripherial artery disease (PAD)?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • physical activity
  • antiplatelet therapy
  • hypertension treatment
  • statins
  • possibly low-dose rivaroxaban (Prevent DVT, PE)
158
Q

What does ECG show in Cor pulmonale?

A

RVH

R in V1 > 7 mm tall or V1 R/S ratio > 1 mm. Right axis deviation

159
Q
A

usmle hy notes (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions