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USMLE HY notes > mnemonic > Flashcards

mnemonic Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Retroperiotneal organs

SAD PUCKER

A

S- Supra-renal (adrneal)
A- aorta + IVC
D- duadenum (2+3 parts)

P- pancreas (excp. tail)
U- ureters
C- colon (Ascd + dsc)
K-kidney
E-esophagus
R- rectum

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2
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 1st pouch

A

all the organs start with M:
1. Muscle of mastication
2. meckl’s cartilage
3. meatus
4. middle ear
5. mastoid air cells
6. maxillary artery
7. mylohyoid
8. trigiMinal nerve (v3)

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3
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 2st pouch

A

all the stuff start with S:
1. Stepedial artery
2. Seventh cranial nerve (smile)
3. Stapes
4. Staloid
5. Staylohyoid
6. Stapedius

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4
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 3st pouch

A

all the organs start with P + problems
1. glossoPharyngeal nerve
2. stylo-Pharyngeal
3. Para-thyroid glands
4. Internal carotid + common carotid = Problem if severe

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5
Q

M S 2 PROBLEMS are VAUGE

What are the organs create from the 3st pouch

A

all the organs related to VAGUS nerve:

  1. Pulmonary artereis + ductus
  2. Right subclavian + Arch of aorta
  3. Superior laryngeal nerve
  4. Reccurent laryngeal nerve
  5. Thyroid cartilage
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6
Q

CLEAN the surface with SOAP

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Surface Ectoderm

A

C- canal (anal)
L- lens
E- epithlium
A- adenohypohysis
N- nipple

S-sweat glands
O-olfactory epithlium
A- auditory organs
P- parotid gland

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7
Q

a tube of NASPOREN

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Neural Tube

A

N-neural tube
A-astrocytes
S-spinal cord
P-pineal gland
O-oligodandrocytes
R-retina
E-epyndemeal cells
N-nuerohypoysis

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8
Q

SPAMS MOTEL w/crest toothpaste

What are the dervities of Ectoderm&raquo_space; Neural crest

A

S-scwannomal cells
P-PNS
A-adrenal medulla
M-myetrtinc plexus
S- spiral membrane

M-melanocytes
O-odontoblast
T-thyroid C-cells
E- Endocardial cusshing
L- laryngeal cartilage

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9
Q

AG metabolic acidosis

MUDPILES

A

M- methanol
U-uremia
D-DKA
P-paraladhyde
I-iron
L- lactic acidosis
E- ethylene
S- salicylates (aspirin)

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10
Q

mnemonic

MEN 1
MEN 2a
MEN 2b

A

MEN 1- PPP
Pancreas
Pituatary
Para-thyorid

MEN2A- PPM
Para-Thyroid
Phecromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid carcinoma

MEN2B PMM
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Marfan body hebitus

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11
Q

Song of Autosomal dominant

A

VON, VON ALS RB MEN
Tubrous, sphyros , huntington , Marfan Elhor Dan’s
NF 1 and 2 done be so FAP
Autosomal dominant, yes this song is clutch

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12
Q

Which medication induce P450?

A

CRAP GPS induce my range
C- Carbamazapine
R- rifampencin
A- alcohol (chronic use )
P-pehyntoin

G-griseofulvin
P-phenobarbital
S-sulfnylurea, St.jhon warts

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13
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450

Cyp- 1A2

A

AcetoAminophen

1 word , 2A= 1A2

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14
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450
2E1

A

Ethanol (alchohol)
you need to be 21 to drink Ethanol
2E1

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15
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450

2C9

A

Warfarin/ Comidin

inhibit factors: 2,7,9,10,C,S
2C9

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16
Q

medicaton&raquo_space; subtype of Cyp450
2D6

A

Cardiovascular drugs
heart echo is D2 echo

therefore 2D6

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17
Q

Murmur type - sys or diastolic and pattern

AR, AS, MS, MR

A

“(h)ARD fall, ASS bump, MSD (missed) u, MRS thru”

ARD = Aortic Regurg, Diastolic; fall = decrescendo \

ASS = Aortic Stenosis, Systolic; bump = crescendo-decrescendo / \

MSD = Mitral Stenosis, Diastolic; u = decrescendo-crescendo _/

MRS = Mitral Regurg, Systolic; thru = holo-systolic —

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18
Q

What te different between BZD to barbituates on the influence on Chloride ion channels

A

BZD- increase frequency of Cl chennel opening
Barbiturates- Increase duration of Cl channel opening

Ben wants it happen more often (frequency)
but Barb wants it to last longer (duration)

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19
Q

What is the function of IL-1 to 6

A

HOT T-BONE stEAK
IL-1 = hot = fever
IL-2 = T -cells
IL-3 = BONE = BM
IL-4 = E = IgE
IL5 = A = IgA
IL6= K= aKute phase protein

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20
Q

What is the function of IL-7,8,10,12

A

IL-7 = lucky number = cells in BM are differeinting (like casino)
IL-8 =Chemotaxis&raquo_space; neutrophil swimming in 8 shape
IL-10- anti-inflammatory
IL-12 - T0 to T1, Activate NK cells

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21
Q

Which cytokeins secreted by TH1 and TH2

A

TH1- IL-2,3 INF-y (for CD8)
Th2- IL-4,5,6

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22
Q

What causes the subtituation of Glutemic Acid to Valine in Hbs

A

Hysrophobic pocket&raquo_space; ineraction among Hb moleculs&raquo_space; polymerization and sickling

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23
Q

Which are the nephritic syndromes?

A

PSGN
RPGN
MPGN
all have P in there names
+
the 2 A’s = Alport syndrome and IgA nephropathy

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24
Q

HTN in pregnancy:
mnenonic?

A

HTN mom loves Nifedipind:
* Hydralazine
* Methyldopa
* Labetalol
* Nifedipine

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25
Q

Pt need NSAIDS but has gastric ulcers
Tx?

A

Celecoxib (cox-2 inhibitor - selective)

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26
Q

Pt on heparin w/induce Thrombocytopenia
what to do

A

stop heparin&raquo_space; Direct thrombin inhibitor (Agetroban)

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27
Q

Pt need furosemide but has sulfa allergy

A

Ethancrynic acid (still loop diuretics)

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28
Q

What are the 2 HY drugs that ceause gnycomastia?

A

Spironolactone&raquo_space; switch to eleprenone

Ketoconazole

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29
Q

Which Diuretics cause hypo and hyper calcemia?

A

Loop lose=
loop= hypocalcemia

Hyper- Thiazide

30
Q

Which medication cause ototoxicity?

A

Aminoglycoside- Amin NO- N for nephrotoxoty, O- otoxicity
Loops
Cisplatin
ASA

31
Q

Which medicaiton cause nephrotoxicity?

A

Aminoglycoside
amphotericin B

32
Q

Which medication can cause Dilated cardiomyopathy and what the Tx

A

Doxorubicin / Danorubicin
Tx with Dexrazoxane

33
Q

Which medication cause drug induce lupus and what Ab we will see

A

Anti Histone Ab

Hey,Im pretty much Quitting

Medications:
Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Procinamide
Methyldopa
Quinidine

34
Q

What are the microcytic anemia?

A

TAILES:

  • Talassemia
  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • Iron Def.
  • Lead
  • Sideroblastic anemia
35
Q

Which pathogens can cause Endocarditis?

A

HACEK group:
Hemophilus spp.
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella corodens
Kingella spp.

+
HAVE ABC
Ha-hacek
V-viridans (stre. epidyrmis)
E- enterococcus spp.

A-Aerus
B- strep.bovis (galacticus)
C- coxiella burneti

36
Q

What is the Pathophysiology and gene in Stugr Weber syndrome

A

GNAQ mutation&raquo_space; cappilary webs are unstable

**Weber = Web = capillary web **

37
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

Genes, proteins, chromosome

A

TBS1&raquo_space; chromosome 9&raquo_space; Hemartin
TBS2&raquo_space; Chromosome 16&raquo_space; Tuberin

knock out = neoplasms

Tuberous = 8 letters.
8+1 = 9
8*2 = 16

38
Q

Tuberous sclerosis tumors

A

Renal angiomyolipoma
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma

both have Myo = muscle = If you want to play the Tube you need a lot of muscle

39
Q

NF1:
Gene, protein and patho, and presentation

A

Gene- NF1 (easy)
Chromosome: 17 (take 1 and the F )
Protein -TSG&raquo_space; Neurofibromin (like the name of disease)
active RAS pathway.

Presentation:
I will have 1 coffe, this is Cute and de-LISCH- ous. Make me feel OPTIC-mistic

  1. Caffe ole
  2. Cutaneous fibromas
  3. Lisch nodulea (iris hemartomas)
  4. OPTIC gliomas

can cause also: Phochromocytoma, wilms tumor, axillary pigmentation

40
Q

NF2:

Gene, protein
presenation, chromosome

A

Gene: NF2
Chromosome 22 (easy)
Protein- Merlin- which inhibit cell singaling

presenations:
Bi lateral things- like 2 = bi
Bi-lateral acoustic Swhannoma
CN V, VII, VIII
Bi leteral Juv. Cataract
NF II= Cerebe II opontine angle

41
Q

Which Drug inhibit Squelene Epoxidase

A

Terbinafine

לזכור:
טורבינה כזאת כמו בעיבוד קמח בשוויץ עם צורת X שהיא קוראת בחוץ
Epxodiase

42
Q

Which enzyme inhibit 14-a demathylase?

fungal pathway

A

Azoles family

The Azzholes prevent ergostholes

43
Q

Which medications directy interfer with the Ergosterol membrane of the fungal

A

Amph B
Nystatin

Ampho-TEAR -icin a hole inthe plasma membrane

44
Q

Which family of anti-fungal inhibit the cell wall formation and by which enzyme

A

Echinocadrin

Inhibit Beta glucan synthase for the cell wall.

E-KINDA- CAN-DO wall synthesis

all family member ends with Fungin (you will hit the wall if you have fun with gin (Fungin) )

45
Q

Which anti-fungal inhibit DNA

A

Flucytosine
inhibit- 5 (Five) Uracil …. the name gives it mechanism

Flu like nuc (nucleus)

46
Q

What is the MOA of Griseofluvine

A

Inhibit microtubule in fungal cells (inhibit mitosis, etc..)

Gris like Grass = Lets make some tubule of Grass

47
Q

What is 3 importent side affect of Amp B

A
  1. Amphelabitis
  2. am-phph-ph-ph- teracin (fever and shaking from chills)
    3.Am-FLOW-teracin - nephrotoxity (permeability and flow in the nephron)
48
Q

What are the Rapid acting insulin and what is the peak time and duration?

A

Lispro
Aspart
Glulisive
remember: ** Rapid insulin do not LAG**
peak- 1-1.5
duration 3-4 hrs

49
Q

What are the Short acting insulin and what is the peak time and duration?

A

Regular
Regular and Short
peak: 2.5
duraration: 4-6

50
Q

What are the Intermediate insulin and what is the peak time and duration?

A

NPH
Remember: Intermediate is Not Particular Hastey

peak: 8 hrs
Duration : 10-16

51
Q

What are the Long acting insulin and what is the peak time and duration?

A

Glargine
Determir

No peak
24h

God Damn 24h is a long time

52
Q

For
RA
SA
intermediate
La

in insulin
wha is the peak and duration of each one:

A

RA- 1-1.5, 3-4 (strat from 1-1.5&raquo_space; 1.5X2 = 3 -4)
SA- 2-2.5 (start from 2 (S like 2)&raquo_space; 2.5X2 = 5 ~ 4-6
Intermediate - remember 8 ( peak) and double it for duration 16 (also 10)
LA- every day ends after 24h

53
Q

Which diabetis medication
* inhibit gluconeogensis
* increase glycolysis
* increase peripheral glucose uptake

and what are its adverse effect?

A

METFORMIN

Adverse afect:
Lactic acidosis
B12 Def.
GI upset

METabolic acidosis (lactic)

54
Q

Which Diabetic medication increse realse of insulin

what is the adverse affect?

and what the MOA

A

2 medications

Sulfanyl-Urea&raquo_space; blocking the K chennels on beta cells in pancreas = de-polarization

Meglitidies - same is sulfnuyl just at a different binding site

adverse affect: Hypoglycemia for both
S.U- Disulfiram like reaction

Remember- all this medications ends with IDE

mega (meglitidies)- then you add LinIDE

55
Q

Which DM family medication:

Glimepride
glipizide
glyburide

A

Sulfnyl urea

IDE take Sulfanyl urea

56
Q

Which DM family is ending with Liptine?

what the MOA
and adverese effect

A

DDP-4 inhibitor
Lipton tea make you PP 4 more times

MOA: inhibit DDP4&raquo_space; elevate levels of GLP-1

adverse: UTI, Respiratory infections

57
Q

Which DM family is with Tide ends?

and what the adverse effect?

A

GLP-1 agonist

GLaoP Tide Tablets- האנשים המטומטמים שבעלו טבליות של מנקה כביסה

Adverse : Pancreatitis

58
Q

Which DM medicaiton ends with Flozin

wha the MOA
what adverse effect

A

SGLT-2

MOA: inhibit NA-glucose co-transporter 2 in PCT

Adverse: Glucosiurea&raquo_space; UTI, vaginal yeast infections
hyperkalemia
Dehydration

FlOZ INto the urine

59
Q

Which DM family medication are these drugs:

Acarbose
Miglitol

what the MOA
and adverse effect

A

alpha- glucosidase inhibitor

MOA: prevent interstital brush border enzyme to break oligosaccharids into glucose.

adverse: GI upset, Gas, Bloating

A-CARB = inhibit carbs

60
Q

Which calss medication end with Glitazone

what the MOA
what the adverse effect

A

Thiozolidinediones (longest name ever)

MOA: binds to PPAR-gamma nuclear factor &raquo_space; increase insulin sensetivity
Adverse: HF + increase Fracture risk

Gliter zone in the PPAR-tyyyyy&raquo_space; your heat is tired of dancing = HF and you can break a bone while dancing (increse risk fracture )

61
Q

Hurler symptoms presenation

A

**HURLER*
H- hepatosplenomegaly
U- unuseal face features
R-ressecive (X-linekd)
L- (alpha) L-idudorindase def.
E- eyee clouded
R- retardation
S-short stubby fingers

remember: in hurler there is HER&raquo_space; Alpha-L-IDurinidaSE = ALIDSE&raquo_space; LADIES
death < 10 yrs

62
Q

Chronic Giardiass can be cause by:

A

IgA def.

Giardiass&raquo_space; GIA&raquo_space; IgA

63
Q

Which murmur have Opening snap after S2

A

Mitral stenosis
OS&raquo_space; opening snap
Si2&raquo_space; s2

64
Q

Which AA is most abundace in Glycogen

A

Glycine &raquo_space; Gly and Glycogen

65
Q

superficial LN drainge:

Lesions in the medial foot will go trough which LN system

and Lateral lesions?

A

Medial- to superMedial nodes + Supralateral nodes&raquo_space; Think also the M and also Super MAN = medial = supra LN

Lateral- popliteal and inguinal nodes&raquo_space;Lateral to the popcical theres the inguinal node.

66
Q

What does it mean when there’s a Ronchi? (on pulmonary examination)

A

Rhon Weezley = Wheezing

Rales in the Tails and Rhonci in the Bronchi

(rales = crackles)

67
Q

Low fremitus vs high fremitus resons

A

Low fremitus- Lung with lots of air

High fremitus- lung with dense area (solid&raquo_space; liquid&raquo_space; air)

In atelectasis or pleural infusion, pneumothorax&raquo_space; lung is insolated = diminish fremitus

68
Q

AML mnemonic

A

A- Aure Rodes
M- myeloperoxidase +
L- leukemia

69
Q

What are thr 5p of lichen planus

A

Pruritic
Purple/pink
Polygonal
papules
plaques

70
Q

Aortic arch vascular derivative? 1-6

A

A- Ascending aorta
B- brachiocephalic (right)
C- Common carotid (left)
S- subclavian (left)

1st arch- Maxillary artery (1 = max)
2nd arch- Stapedial artery (Second = S)
3rd arch- Common carotid ( C= 3rd letter in ABC)
4th arch- aortic arch (left) + Right subclevian (right ) = pump to systemic body = 4 limbs for 4 arch
6 arch- pulmonary artery + ductus arteriosus

71
Q

What is the muscarinic effect of Cholinergic toxicity?

A

DUMBLES
Diarrhea/diaporhesis
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasm, Bradycardia
Emesis
Lacrimination
Salivation

72
Q

Where the common carotid bifrocate?

A

C4:
BiFourcates at C4 (internal and external carotid)

USMLE HY notes (34 decks)

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