Urology - Cancer Flashcards
what type of cancer is most common in prostate cancer? where in the prostate is it usually found?
multifocal adenocarcinoma
peripheral zone
risk factors for prostate cancer?
age
ethnicity (black)
FHx
features of prostate cancer?
haematuria haematospermia bone pain anorexia wt loss nocturia frequency hesitancy
Ix for prostate cancer?
PR
PSA
TRUS
MRI/bone scan
what are PR findings for prostate cancer?
asymmetry
craggy mass
fixed
what else can increase PSA?
BPH prostatitis PR UTI's retention masturbation
what is the grading score used for prostate cancer?
Gleason’s
Tx for prostate cancer?
organ confined - monitor
prostatectomy
radiotherapy/brachytherapy
hormone therapy (androgen deprivation)
most common type of bladder cancer?
transitional cell (papillary)
what type of bladder cancer is schistomiasis associated with?
squamous
risk factors for bladder cancer?
male 50s smoking rubber industry cystitis schistomiasis
features of bladder cancer?
painless haematuria dysuria frequency urgency obstruction
Ix for bladder cancer?
urinalysis
cystoscopy
CT urography
MRI
Tx for bladder cancer?
diathermy ± chemo
cystectomy ± radio/chemo
what test is used as follow up post bladder cancer?
cystoscopy
who gets seminomas? other name for them?
older people
more common
potato tumour
what are some examples of non seminomatous tumours? who gets them?
yolk sac
teratoma
choriocarcinoma
young people
in what testicular cancer type does AFP rise?
yolk sac
in what testicular cancer type does HCG rise?
teratoma
seminoma
what is a risk factor for testicular cancer?
undescended testes
most common type of renal cell carcinoma?
clear cell
risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?
male smoking obesity HT FHx 65-75yrs
features of renal cell carcinoma?
loin pain renal mass haematuria paraneoplastic syndrome (wt loss, anaemia, hypercalcaemia)
Ix for renal cell carcinoma?
US
CT
Tx for renal cell carcinoma?
partial/radical nephrectomy
radiofrequency ablation
