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AB 4th Year Surgical Specialties > ENT - Ears > Flashcards

ENT - Ears Flashcards

1
Q

what is presbyacusis?

A

age related SN hearing loss

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2
Q

features of presbyacusis?

A

gradual
high frequency lost first
worse when background noise present

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3
Q

audiogram of presbyacusis?

A

high Hz affected

no air bone difference

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4
Q

what are the classifications of tinnitus?

A

objective / subjective

pulsatile / clicking / high pitch/ low pitch

unilateral / bilateral

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5
Q

causes of clicking tinnitus?

A

contraction of tensory tympani/tensor veli palatini

TMJ

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6
Q

what are the causes of tinnitus?

A

conductive
sensorineural
central

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7
Q

Ix for tinnitus?

A

audiometry
Rinnes
Webbers
tympanometry

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8
Q

what is rinnes? results?

A

place behind ear

positive is louder in air than bone
conductive means louder in bone

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9
Q

what is webers? results?

A

place in central forehead

conductive heard loudest in affected air
SN is louder in unaffected ear

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10
Q

what is otosclerosis?

A

autosomal dom cause of hearing loss

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11
Q

features of otosclerosis?

A

adult hearing loss
worsened by preg/menopause/menstruation
conductive hearing loss
tinnitus

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12
Q

pathology of otosclerosis?

A

new bone formation fixes the stapes footplace

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13
Q

Ix for otosclerosis?

A

audiometry has carhart notch
air to bone conductive difference
CT

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14
Q

Tx for otosclerosis?

A

hearing aids
piston insertion
cochlear implant

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15
Q

risk factors for otitis externa?

A

swimming
allergy
DM

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16
Q

features of otitis externa?

A 
otorrhoea
tender ear
swollen/obstructed EAC
decreased hearing 
itch
fullness
child may pull ear
pain
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17
Q

causes of otitis externa?

A

pseudomonas
staph

eczema

aspergillus
candida

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18
Q

Tx for otitis externa?

A

painkillers
cleaning and warm compress
acetic acid

sofradex eardrops

clotrimazole gel if funal

19
Q

what happens in malignant otitis externa?

A

temporal bone destruction and base of skull osteomyelitis for ear infection

20
Q

features of malignant otitis externa? who gets it?

A

persistent ear pain and fullness
pain out of proportion

DM
immunocompromised

21
Q

Ix and Tx for malignant otitis externa?

A

CT

debride and Abx

22
Q

features of TMJ dysfunction?

A 
clicking 
facial pain 
earache
headache
masticatory muscle tenderness
23
Q

Tx for TMJ dysfunction?

A

analgesia
avoidance
physio
CBT

24
Q

what commonly causes acute otitis media?

A 
viral:
rhino 
adeno
parainfluenza
corona
bacterial:
pneumococcus
haemophilus
strep
moraxella
25
Q

features of acute otitis media?

A 
otalgia
Hx of URTI
fever
otorrhoea (purulent)
pain can subside once eardrum bursts
vomiting 
ear pulling
26
Q

features of acute otitis media on otoscopy?

A

red TM
bulging
tear with discharge

27
Q

Tx for acute otitis media?

A

analgesia

Abx if:
<2 years and bilateral
bulging membrane + symptoms
otorrhoea

amox or clarithro

28
Q

what causes OME?

A

inflam of middle ear, which causes accumulation of fluid, with no acute signs of inflam

29
Q

risk factors for OME?

A 
big adenoids
boys
recurrent URTI
recurrent AOM
smoking 
bottle fed
30
Q

features of OME?

A 
conductive deafness
inattention
poor language
balance problems
no otalgia
31
Q

Ix for OME and results?

A 
otoscopy:
TM retracted
reduced mobility
grey dull/yellow
fluid line

audiometry (conductive)

tympanometry (flat tracing: Type A)

32
Q

Tx for OME?

A

watch over 3 months

if > and delay -> grommets ± adenoid removal

33
Q

what happens in chronic otitis media?

A

ear with a perforated TM in the setting of recurrent infections

34
Q

risk factors for chronic otitis media?

A 
smoker
asthma
URTI
increased BMI
GORD
35
Q

what are the types of chronic otitis media?

A 
benign 
chronic serous (straw coloured fluid)
chronic suppurative (purulent)
36
Q

Tx for chronic otitis media?

A

Abx
aural cleaning
myringoplasty

37
Q

what are those with chronic otitis media at risk of? why?

A

cholesteatoma
retraction pocket can form due to low middle ear pressure
can form here

38
Q

what is a cholesteatoma?

A

presence of keratinising squamous epithelium within the middle ear or temporal bone

39
Q

features of a cholesteatoma?

A 
hearing loss
foul discharge
tinnitus
otalgia
altered taste
vertigo
facial nerve weakness
dizziness
40
Q

Ix for cholesteatoma?

A

otoscocopy

CT

41
Q

risk factors for cholesteatoma?

A

chronic OM
surgery
trauma
congenital abnormalities

42
Q

what drugs can cause irreversible hearing loss?

A

gentamicin

cisplatin

43
Q

what drugs can cause tinnitus?

A

NSAIDs
furosemide
quinines

AB 4th Year Surgical Specialties (16 decks)

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