Ophthalmology - Vision Loss Flashcards
what causes a CRAO?
type of stroke
carotid artery disease
emboli from heart
features of CRAO?
painless visual loss
profound
RAPD
features of CRAO on ophthalmoscopy?
pale
oedematous retina
thread like vessels
cherry red macula
Tx for CRAO?
ocular massage (convert to a Branch RAO) carotid doppler manage risk factors
what is amaurosis fugax?
TIA
transient visual loss
curtain coming down
what is a CRVO?
interruption of venous drainage from the retinal tissues
risk factors for CRVO?
DM HT atherosclerosis glaucoma raised IOP
features of CRVO?
painless sudden visual loss
features of CRVO on ophthalmoscopy?
dark haemorrhaged dilated veins disc swelling macula swelling cotton wool spots blot haemorrhages
Tx for CRVO?
anti VEGFs
what happens in a retinal detachment?
sensory retina detaches from the retinal pigment epithelium
features of retinal detachment?
flashes
floaters
field loss
fall in acuity
Tx for retinal detachment?
laser
scleral buckle
vitrectomy (avoid flying)
features of wet vs dry ARMD?
wet:
rapid central visual loss
distortion
dry:
gradual decline
central vision missing (scotoma)
what is the pathology behind wet vs dry ARMD?
wet:
new blood vessels grow at the choroid
leak and cause scarring
dry:
wear and tear of the retinal pigment epithelium
features of wet vs dry ARMD on opthalmoscopy?
wet:
haemorrhage
exudate
dry:
drusen
atrophic retina patches
Tx for wet ARMD?
anti VEGF injections
Tx for dry ARMD?
supportive
amsler grid to self monitor
what is a cataract?
opacity of the lens
risk factors for cataracts?
age smoking alcohol DM steroids radiotherapy trauma sunlight exposure
features of cataracts?
blurred vision
haloes around light
difficulty driving at night
become more myopic (short sighted)
Tx for cataracts?
phacoemulsification with a lens implant
post op:
pred drops
chloramphenicol drops
features of vitreous haemorrhage?
sudden painless vision loss
dark spots
red tinge
what can cause vitreous haemorrhage?
DM
anticoagulants
bleeding disorders
