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Cellular Pathology > Urological Pathology > Flashcards

Urological Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does cancer of the kidney arise from

A

Epithelial lining of the tubular system

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2
Q

Where does cancer of the kidney not arise from

A

Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Collecting duct

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of renal cancer

A 
Haematuria
Low back pain 
Mass/lump in the abdomen
Fatigue 
Weight loss
Chronic fever
Paraneoplastic syndromes
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4
Q

What is the treatment for renal cancer

A

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Biologic therapy

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5
Q

What are the types of surgery that can occur

A
  1. Radical nephrectomy

2. Partial nephrectomy

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6
Q

What is radical nephrectomy

A

Removal of the kidney, adrenal gland and surrounding tissue

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7
Q

What is partial nephrectomy

A

Removal of the cancer and some tissue

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8
Q

What are the classification of renal epithelial tumours in adults

A 
Clear cell carcinoma 
Papillary carcinoma 
Chromophobe cell carcinoma 
Unclassified 
Oncocytoma
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9
Q

What type of cells are clear cell carcinima

A

Clear cells

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10
Q

What 2 factors are important in the prognois of clear cell carcinoma

A

Grading

Staging

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11
Q

How do we grade clear cell carcinoma

A

Fuhrmann system

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12
Q

If a tumour shows a variety of grade which is used to grade it

A

The highest one

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13
Q

What is staging for clear cell carcinoma

A

TNM staging

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14
Q

What are other tumours that you can get in the kidney

A 
Angiomyolipoma 
Lymphoma 
Sarcoma
Metastasis 
Inflammatory pseudo tumour
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15
Q

What are the 3 components of angiomyolipoma

A

Fat
Muscle cells
Thick vessel

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16
Q

What are the most common types of renal cancer seen in children

A

Wilms tumour

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17
Q

What does cancer of the urinary tract arise from

A

Epithelium

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18
Q

Where can cancer of the urinary tract be seen in

A 
Pelvis
Kidney 
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
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19
Q

What type of epithelium does cancer of the urinary tract arise from

A

Transitional epithelium

20
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer of the urinary tract

A

Smoking
Repeated exposure to chemicals e.g dyes, leather, rubber and paint
Infection
Chronic bladder inflammation

21
Q

What are the symptoms of cancer of the urinary tract

A

Same as symptoms of UTI
Haematuria
Dysuria
Frequency and urgency

22
Q

How is cancer of the urinary tract diagnosed

A

Cystoscopy with biopy or transurethral resection
Urine cytology
Imaging: ct scan and ultrasound

23
Q

How is urinary tract tumours classified

A

Non invasive

Invasive

24
Q

What is a invasive tumour

A

Grows into the wall of the bladder (high grade tumour)

25
Q

Whatdoes papillary tumour mean

A

They grow into the lumen of the bladder

26
Q

What gene deletion is usually seen in low grade urinary tract tumour

A

NQ gene

27
Q

What type of mutation is usually seen in high grade urinary tract tumours

A

P53 gene mutation

28
Q

What is carcinoma in situ

A

When the malignant cells replace urothelium

29
Q

What is staging based on

A

TNM staging and depth of invasion

30
Q

What is T1

A

Tumour at the subeptihelial connecitve tissue

31
Q

What is t2

A

Tumour that invasde the muscular wall/destrusor muscle

32
Q

What is t3

A

Tumour that invades anything outside the bladder wall e.g fat

33
Q

What is t4

A

Tumour that invades the adjacent organs e.g prostate or rectum

34
Q

What are the zone of prostate

A

Peripheral zone
Central zone
Transition zone

35
Q

What structure is at the transition zone

A

Urethra

36
Q

What are the 2 main lesions that can occur in the prostate

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Adenocarcinoma

37
Q

Which prostate zone does BPH arise from

A

Transitional zone

38
Q

Which zone does the adenocarcinoma arise from

A

Peripheral zone

39
Q

What are the symptoms of BPH

A

UTI

Urinary retention

40
Q

What is the treatment of BPH

A

Alpha blockers

Transurethral resection of prostate

41
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Usually do not show symptoms

42
Q

How is prostate adenocarcinoma diagnosed

A

Psa levels
Digital rectal examination
Biopsy via transrectal needle core biopsy with USS guidance

43
Q

What is prostate adenocarcinoma graded with

A

Gleason grading system

44
Q

What is the grade range of the gleason grading system

A 
Grade 1 (low): well defined glands 
Grade 5 (high): no glandular differentiation and there are blocks
45
Q

What is the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Surgery: radical prostatectomy
Hormone therapy: gherelin- reduces the size before surgery
Radiotherapy

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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