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Cellular Pathology > Lung Pathology > Flashcards

Lung Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the airway structures

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus

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2
Q

What is pnuemonia

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma usually involving the alveoli

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3
Q

What happens to the alveolar spaces in pneumonia

A

They fill up with odema fluid, fibrin and inflammatory cells (consolidations) usually caused by bacteria

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4
Q

What are the types of pneumonia

A

Lobar pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia

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5
Q

What is lobar pneumonia

A

A whole lobe or several lobes of the lung are involved

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6
Q

How do inflammatory organism spread in lobar pneumonia to cause consolidation

A

Inter alveolar spaces (kohns pores)

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7
Q

What are the long term complications of lobar pneumonia

A 
Fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Cavitation
Abscess
Fistula 
Empyema
Pericardits
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8
Q

What are the complications of pnuemonia

A 
Hypoxia 
Septicaemia 
Metastic infection 
Abscess cavitation 
Effusion 
Pericarditis 
Fibrous scarring
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9
Q

What is bronchopneumonia

A

This occurs in people with impaired host resistant therefore can be complication of lung disease e.g chronic bronchits, lung fibrosis, lung carcinoma or immunosupression

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10
Q

In bronchopneumonia where is the inflammatory process

A

Centred upon small bronchi

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11
Q

Which side of the bronchi is likely to be affected

A

Right side

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12
Q

Why is the ride bronchi more likelty to be affected

A

It is shorter and wider

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13
Q

What is pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Infection of the lung

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14
Q

How does tb become protected by the immune system

A

Tb survives within the cytoplasm of the macrophages

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15
Q

What is the histology of pulmonary tb like

A 
Granulomata 
Epithelial histiocytes 
Chronic inflammation 
Fibrosis 
Caseation necrosis (cream cheese resembles)
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16
Q

What are the complications of tb

A 
Pleural effusion
Tb pneumonia 
Military tb 
Itestinal tb 
Ibd
17
Q

What are the types of pulmonary tb

A
  1. Primary tb
  2. Secondary tb
  3. Miliary tb
  4. Tuberculous broncho-pneumonia
18
Q

What is a primary tb

A

Infection in the upper lobes (called the ghon focus) with disease that progress to the hilar lymph nodes (ghon involvement)

19
Q

What is secondary tb

A

Larger uppper lobe infection and often cavitates

20
Q

What is pulmonary infarction

A

Embolus (from the DVT) lodges into the pulmonary artery

21
Q

What are the causes of bronchial obstruction

A
  • foreign body

- tumours

22
Q

Where are foreign bodies likely to lodge into

A

Right bronchi because it is shorter and wider

23
Q

What are the effects of bronchial obstruction in the lung

A
  • mucostatis (broncial secretions collect distally to the obstruction)
  • mucostasis can collect infection to cause pneumonia
  • bronchiectasis (weaknening and dilatation of the bronchial wall)
24
Q

What are the 2 main obstructive airway disease

A

Asthma

COPD

25
Q

What is COPD referring to

A

A collection of disease that cause chronic obstruction

26
Q

What disease does copd involve

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

27
Q

What is the clinical defintion of chronic bronchitis

A

A productive cough of at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

28
Q

What occurs in chronic bronchits

A

Bronchits
Weakening of bronchial walls
Hyperplasia of mucous glands that cause excessive secretions (productive cough)
Smooth muscle hyperplasia

29
Q

What is emphysema

A

Permanent dilation of alevoli or respiratory bronchioles

30
Q

What happens to the airways

A

Airway collapse due to loss of lung tissue

31
Q

What are the types of emphysema

A
  1. Centrilobular

2. Panlobular

32
Q

What is centrilobular emphysema

A

Dilatation of the repsiratory bronchioles

33
Q

What is panlobular emphysema

A

Dilation of the respiratory bronchioles and the acinar units

34
Q

Where can lung carcinoma metastaise to

A

Mediastinal lymph nodes
Liver
Bone marrow
Brain

35
Q

What are the local effects of a lung tumour

A 
Destruction of bronchial walls and lung tissue
Erosion of blood vessels
Bronchial obstruction 
Pneumonia
Invasion into pleura

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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