Lung Pathology Flashcards
What are the airway structures
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
What is pnuemonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma usually involving the alveoli
What happens to the alveolar spaces in pneumonia
They fill up with odema fluid, fibrin and inflammatory cells (consolidations) usually caused by bacteria
What are the types of pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
What is lobar pneumonia
A whole lobe or several lobes of the lung are involved
How do inflammatory organism spread in lobar pneumonia to cause consolidation
Inter alveolar spaces (kohns pores)
What are the long term complications of lobar pneumonia
Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Cavitation Abscess Fistula Empyema Pericardits
What are the complications of pnuemonia
Hypoxia Septicaemia Metastic infection Abscess cavitation Effusion Pericarditis Fibrous scarring
What is bronchopneumonia
This occurs in people with impaired host resistant therefore can be complication of lung disease e.g chronic bronchits, lung fibrosis, lung carcinoma or immunosupression
In bronchopneumonia where is the inflammatory process
Centred upon small bronchi
Which side of the bronchi is likely to be affected
Right side
Why is the ride bronchi more likelty to be affected
It is shorter and wider
What is pulmonary tuberculosis
Infection of the lung
How does tb become protected by the immune system
Tb survives within the cytoplasm of the macrophages
What is the histology of pulmonary tb like
Granulomata Epithelial histiocytes Chronic inflammation Fibrosis Caseation necrosis (cream cheese resembles)
What are the complications of tb
Pleural effusion Tb pneumonia Military tb Itestinal tb Ibd
What are the types of pulmonary tb
- Primary tb
- Secondary tb
- Miliary tb
- Tuberculous broncho-pneumonia
What is a primary tb
Infection in the upper lobes (called the ghon focus) with disease that progress to the hilar lymph nodes (ghon involvement)
What is secondary tb
Larger uppper lobe infection and often cavitates
What is pulmonary infarction
Embolus (from the DVT) lodges into the pulmonary artery
What are the causes of bronchial obstruction
- foreign body
- tumours
Where are foreign bodies likely to lodge into
Right bronchi because it is shorter and wider
What are the effects of bronchial obstruction in the lung
- mucostatis (broncial secretions collect distally to the obstruction)
- mucostasis can collect infection to cause pneumonia
- bronchiectasis (weaknening and dilatation of the bronchial wall)
What are the 2 main obstructive airway disease
Asthma
COPD
What is COPD referring to
A collection of disease that cause chronic obstruction
What disease does copd involve
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
What is the clinical defintion of chronic bronchitis
A productive cough of at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
What occurs in chronic bronchits
Bronchits
Weakening of bronchial walls
Hyperplasia of mucous glands that cause excessive secretions (productive cough)
Smooth muscle hyperplasia
What is emphysema
Permanent dilation of alevoli or respiratory bronchioles
What happens to the airways
Airway collapse due to loss of lung tissue
What are the types of emphysema
- Centrilobular
2. Panlobular
What is centrilobular emphysema
Dilatation of the repsiratory bronchioles
What is panlobular emphysema
Dilation of the respiratory bronchioles and the acinar units
Where can lung carcinoma metastaise to
Mediastinal lymph nodes
Liver
Bone marrow
Brain
What are the local effects of a lung tumour
Destruction of bronchial walls and lung tissue Erosion of blood vessels Bronchial obstruction Pneumonia Invasion into pleura
