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Cellular Pathology > Neuropathology 2: Vascular Disease And Tumours > Flashcards

Neuropathology 2: Vascular Disease And Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of hernias increased intracranial pressure can cause

A
  1. Subfalcine herniation
  2. Uncal herniation
  3. Tonisllar herniation
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2
Q

What is subfalcine herniation

A

When a cingulate gyrus or frontol lobe herniates under the falx cerebri

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3
Q

What is uncal herniation

A

When the medial temporal gyrys goes underneath the tentorium cerebelli

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4
Q

What is tonsillar hernaition

A

When the tonsils of the cerebellum goes to the foramen magnum

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5
Q

What are the complications of subfalcine herniation

A

Bleeding in the territory supplied by the anterioir cerebral artery

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6
Q

What are the complications of uncal herniation

A
  • Third cranial nerve (occulomotor) compression to give fixed dialted pupils
  • posterior cerebral artery compression whcih supplies the occipitla cortex so you can get haemorrhagic infarction and can casue blindless
  • crus cerebri compression so corticosponal tract (descending) is compressed leads to hemiplegia on the opposite side
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7
Q

What is stroke

A

A cerebrovascular accident which has a abrupt onsent of neurological deficit due to a vascular disease

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8
Q

What are the 2 classification of stroke

A
  1. Ischaemic stroke: thrombi or emboli

2. Haemorrhagic stroke: bleeding

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9
Q

What type of blood pressure can cause a stroke

A

Hypotension

Hypertension

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10
Q

What is the difference between ischaemia or stroke

A

Ischaemia: reduced blood flow which results in hypoxia of the tissue
Infarction: complete blood flow cut off resulting in necrosis/cell death

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11
Q

Which cells in the brain are vulnerable to ischaemia

A

Neurones

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12
Q

Which regions in the hippocampus are vulnerabel regions to hypoxic changes

A

Ca1
Ca3
Ca4

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13
Q

What can cause infarction

A

Thrombi

Emboli

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14
Q

What type of infarct is thrombotic infarction

A

Pale

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15
Q

What type of infarction is embolic infarction

A

Red

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16
Q

What the risk factors for atherosclerosis

A 
Smoking
Hypertension
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Increased age 
Male
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17
Q

What are the commonest cause of haemorrhage

A

Hypertension

Amyloid angiopathy

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18
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Bleed in the subarachnoid compartment (under the pia mater)

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19
Q

Causes of subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Aneurysm in the middle cerebral artery, anterior communication artery, basilar artery, cerebellar arteries, internal carotid artery

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20
Q

What is a epidural haemorrhage

A

Convex shaped haemorrhage

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21
Q

Commonest cause of epidural haemorrhage

A

Middle meningeal artery rupture

22
Q

What are subdural haemorrhage

A

Haemmorhage that occur under the dura and are cruciate shaped

23
Q

What is the commonest cause of subdural haemorrhage

A

Rupture of the bridging veins

24
Q

What are the common brain metasise primary tumours

A

Lung
Breast
Skin
Kidney

25
Q

What are the most common brain tumours in adults

A

Glioblastoma
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Meningioma

26
Q

What are the common tumours in children

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Medullablastoma

27
Q

What is oligodendroglioma

A

Diffuse glial tumours in adults

28
Q

What are the microscope features of oligodendroglioma

A

Regular branching capillary network with round and clear cells
Idh mutation and 1p,19q deletion

29
Q

What are ependymoma

A

Tumours in the spinal cord or outside the spinal cord seen in children

30
Q

What are meningiomas

A

Mesenchymal tumours that arise in the dura outside the brain

31
Q

What are peripheral nerve sheath tumour examples

A

Neurofibroma: tumour grows within the nerve
Schwannoma: tumour grows outside the nerve

32
Q

What are the types of spinal tumours

A
  1. Intradural, intramedullary i.e within the dura and within the medulla of the spinal cord
  2. Intradrual, extramedullary. I.e within the duyra and outside the spinal cord
  3. Extradural i.e outside the dura and outside the spinal cord
33
Q

Examle of a intradural, intramedullary spinal tumour

A

Astrocytoma

Ependymoma

34
Q

Example of a intradural, extramedullary spinal tumour

A

Meningioma

Scwannoma

35
Q

Example of extradural spinal tumor

A

Metastatic carcinoma

Lymphoma

36
Q

What are the common infections of the cns

A 
Bacterial meningitis
Cerebral abscess 
Chronic meningitis 
Viral encephalitis
Encephalomyelitis 
Subacute sclerosing panencephaliits
Post infectious encephalomyelitis
37
Q

What are the routes of infection of bacterial meningitis

A

Blood
Lcoal extension e.g middle ear or air siunues
Direct implantation: if patient has a malformation e.g encephalopathy
Pns: extension from peripheral nrves

38
Q

How do we diagnose meningitis

A

Csf analysis

39
Q

What are the complications of bacterial meningits

A

Cerebral swelling
Infective thrombophlebitis
Subdural effusions
Hydrocephalus

40
Q

What are the route of infection of cerebral abscess

A

Haemogemous: spread from purulent chronic infection e.g lung abscess
Local spread

41
Q

What is the pathology of cerebral abscess

A

Cerebritis with cavitation and pus formation, encapsulated by gliosis an granulation tissue

42
Q

What is chronic meningitis

A

When pus collects at base of the brain over weeks

43
Q

What are the causes of chronic meningitis

A

Tuberculosos
Cytococcal (fungi)
Inadequately treated bacterial meningitis

44
Q

What are the causes of viral encephalitis

A

Hsv1
Hsv2
Arbovirus

45
Q

What is the cause of rabies

A

Rhabdovirus: bite from an animal

46
Q

What is the diagnosis of rabies

A

Rabied negritude bodies

47
Q

What is encephalomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

48
Q

What are the causes of encephalomyelitis

A

Poliovirus 1,2,3

49
Q

What is subacture sclerosing panencephalitis

A

Slow viral infection usually seen secondary to measles

50
Q

What is post infectious encephalomyelitis

A

Secondary to infection such as measles, varicella, rubella and mumps

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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