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Cellular Pathology > Thromboembolic Disease > Flashcards

Thromboembolic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name thromboembolic disorders

A

Ischaemic stroke
Myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolus
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

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2
Q

What is the the definition of a thrombus

A

A solid mass present within the vascular system during life formed by the constituents of blood

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3
Q

If a blood clot forms after death is that a thrombus

A

No because a thrombus forms during life

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4
Q

What is the difference in consistency between a thrombus and post mortem clot

A

Thrombus: firm and brittle

Post mortem clot: gelatinous

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5
Q

What is the differnce in colour between a thrombus and post mortem clot

A

Thrombus: pale or red with lines of zahn

Post mortem clot: pale on top and dark red underneath

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6
Q

What is the difference in adherence to the vessel wall between a thrombus and post mortem clot

A

Thrombus: adherent to the vessel wall

Post mortem clot: non adherent

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7
Q

What are lines of zahn

A

Pale and dark areas that form lines within the thrombus

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8
Q

What are the 2 appearances of thrombi

A

Pale thrombi

Red thrombi

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9
Q

Where does pale thrombi tend to form

A

High flow enviroment e.g heart and arteries

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10
Q

Why are pale thrombi pale in colour

A

Composed of mainly platelets

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11
Q

Where do red thrombi tend to form

A

In veins where there is low flow of blood

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12
Q

Why are red thrombi red in apperance

A

They are composed of trapped red blood cells

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13
Q

Name examples of pale thrombi

A

Arterial thrombi

Cardiac thrombosis

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14
Q

What are arterial thrombi

A

Pale thrombi that form in the arterial

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15
Q

What are the causes of arterial thrombi

A

Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Inflamamtion, vasculitis

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16
Q

What are the appeances of arterial thrombi

A

Mural thrombosis

Occlusive thrombosis

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17
Q

What is a mural thrombosis

A

A thrombus that affects a lare vessel so its adherent to one side fo the vessel wall

18
Q

What is an occlusive thrombosis

A

Thrombi that occurs in medium/small vessels completely blocks the vessel

19
Q

In the heart where can cardiac thrombosis cocur

A

Atria
Valves
Ventricles

20
Q

What can thrombosis in the atria be associated with

A

Atrial fibrillation

21
Q

What can thrombi in the valves be associated with

A

Rheumatic feber
Infective endocarditis
Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

22
Q

What can thrombi in the ventricles be associated with

A

Myocardial infarction

23
Q

Name an example of red thrombi

A

Venous thrombosis

24
Q

What factors increase the risk of venous thrombosis

A 
Immobility 
Post operative 
Trauma
Myocardial infarction 
Cognitive heart failure 
Thrombophlebitis

I.e anything that causes the low flow of blood through the veins

25
Q

Describe how a thrombus forms

A
  1. Haemostasis begins when there is a damage to the endothelium
  2. Blood vessels vasoconstrict
  3. Primary haemostatic plug forms that is composed of platelets over the damaged endothelium
  4. Secondary haemostasis occurs where fibin is deposited among the platelets to form a fibrin mesh worl
  5. Mature thrombus forms
26
Q

What is the virchows triad

A

3 factors that promote thrombosis

27
Q

What are the 3 factors within the virchows triad

A
  1. Endothelial injury: can be by inflammation or hyper cholesterol
  2. Abnormal blood flow: this can be due to the clot that slows the blood flow or stasis e.g af, bed rest
  3. Hypercoagulability: can be exacerabated by inherited or acquired conditions
28
Q

When a thrombus forms what are the 2 things that can happen to it

A
  1. Resolve the thrombus

2. Become progressed i.e become fibrotic by replacing RBC/platelets by fibrosis tissue

29
Q

What is an embolism

A

A mass (embolus) within the blood stream and impaction to a distant side from its poitn of origin

30
Q

What is an emboli composed of

A

Thrombi

Fat,air, tumour etc

31
Q

How does pulmonary embolism occur

A
  1. Fragmentation of venous thrombus
  2. Thrombotic embolis is carried through the larger veins to the right side of the heart
  3. From the heart embolus is taken to the pulmonary arteries (smaller arteries) where it lodges
32
Q

What is a systemic embolism and how does it occur

A
  1. Fragmentation of the left side of the heart or aorta
  2. Thrombotic embolus is carried through smaller arteries
  3. Embolus lodges in a branch of the aorta where the diameter is smaller than the embolus diameter
33
Q

What is ischaemia

A

Cell injury caused by reduced blood flow to a tissue or reduced venous drainage

34
Q

How does ischaemia occur

A
  1. Thrombus forms in a vessel
  2. This reduces the oxygen flow to the tissue
  3. Atp produced by mitochondria reduces
  4. Cell swelling and clumping of nuclear chromatin occurs
35
Q

What are the causes of ischaemia

A

Occlusion by a thombus or embolus
Intrinsic disease of cells
External compresion

36
Q

What is a infarction

A

Ischaemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous drainge of a tissue/organ

37
Q

What are the 2 types of infarcts

A

White infarcts

Red infarct

38
Q

What is a white infarct and the mechanism

A

A white colour infarct due to lack of blood, occurs in the arterial occlusion of solid organs with the end arterial circulation

39
Q

What is a red infarct and the mechanism

A

Red coloured infarct due to accumulation of blood

Mechanism:
Loss spongy tissue
Venous occlusion 
Dual circualtion 
Previous congestion
40
Q

Is infarction a reversible or irreverible

A

Irreversible

41
Q

Is ichaemia reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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