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Cellular Pathology > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of gi tract specimens

A

Cytology specimens
Biopsy
Surgical resection specimen
Frozen sections

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2
Q

What are cytology specimens

A

This could be oesophageal or gastric brushing

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3
Q

What are examples of biopsy

A

Endscopy biopsy

Needle core biopsy

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4
Q

What is a surgical resection specimen

A

Specimen taken out by surgery and as treatment

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5
Q

What are frozen sections

A

Specimens that are done when the patient is on the operation table, purpose is to obtain a diagnosis

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6
Q

What should a histopathology report inlcude

A
  • clincal details
  • gross description of the specimen
  • microscopy findings
  • comment, conclusion and diagnosis
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7
Q

Is its a small biopsy what should the gross description include

A

Size

Weight

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8
Q

If its a large biopsy what should the gross description include

A 
Type of lesion
Colour 
Distance to resection margin 
Necrosis 
Depth of infiltration
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9
Q

Which organs are involved in the upper gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
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10
Q

What organs does the lower gastrointestinal tract include

A
  • small bowel
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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11
Q

What is the commonest cause of oesphagitis

A

GORD

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12
Q

What are the causes of GORD

A

Loss of lower oesophageal spinchter tone
Impairment of peristalsis
Delayed gastric emptying

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for GORD

A

Alcohol and tobacco use
Repeated vomiting
Nasogastric intubation

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14
Q

What is the difference in cell of acute and chronic oesophagitis

A

Acute: neutrophils
Chronic: plasma cells and lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

Clinically mimics GORD and common in chidren and young adults

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16
Q

In histology what does eosinophilic oesophagitis show

A

Increased eosinophils

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17
Q

What is barrets oesophagus

A

Displacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What is the displacement of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium known as

A

Columnar metaplsia

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19
Q

What are the causes of columnar metaplasia

A

long standing reflux

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20
Q

What disease barrets oesophagus be associated with

A

Adenocarcinoma

Glandular dysplasia

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21
Q

What is the most common microorganism that causes gastritis

A

Helicobacter pylori

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22
Q

What are the reasons for duodenal biopsy to be performed

A
  • inflammation
  • acute inflammation i.e acute duodenitis
  • parasite: giardia lamblia
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23
Q

What is coeliac disease

A

The genetic predisposition for increased immunological repsonse to gluten

24
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease

A

Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Fatigue at yougn age
Anti-tranglutaminase antibodies

25
Q

On histology what is seen in coeliac disease

A 
Partial or total villus atrophy
Intra-epithelial lymphocytosis i.e incresed small lymphocytes in the epithelium 
Chronic inflammation 
Cypt hyperplasia 
Absence of parsites
26
Q

What are the causes of ischaemia of the bowel wall

A
  • arterial and venous impairment

- hypotension

27
Q

What is seen in macrospocy in ischaemia of the bowel wall

A

Dilated thin congented bowel wall

Perforation

28
Q

What is seen in microscopy in ischaemia of the bowel wall if acute

A

Ulcereation
Acute inflammation
Haemorrhage

29
Q

What is seen in microscopy in ischaemia of the bowel wall if chornic

A

Hyalinised stroma

Scar

30
Q

What is Diverticular disease

A

Out pouching of the mucosa and muscarlis muscosa protrufing the bowel wall

31
Q

What are the common causes of diverticular disease

A
  • reduced fibre: faecal material gets pushed into the rectum as they are hard to propel into the rectum so you get outpouching
32
Q

What are complications of Diverticular disease

A 
Diverticulitis 
Haemmorhage 
Perforation
Fistula 
Obstruction of the bowel wall
33
Q

What is crohns disease

A

Inflammation that can start from the mouth to the anus

34
Q

What are the features of crohsn disease

A

Segmental
Lesions are deeper i.e can reach the subserosa
Ulcers

35
Q

What are the complications of crohns disease

A 
Intestinal obstruction 
Haemmorhage 
Anaemia
Perforation 
Malabsorption 
Arthritis 
Dermatalogical complications
36
Q

What is ulcerative collitis

A

Inflammation of the distal colon and rectum

37
Q

What are the featues of ulcerative colitis

A

Continous

Ulceration

38
Q

What are the complication of ulcerative colitis

A 
Adenocarinoma
Fulminant colitis
Inflammation of the bile duct
Cancer of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma)
Superinfection
39
Q

What is the symptom of microscopic colitis

A

Long standing diarrhoea

40
Q

What is appendicits

A

Inflammation of the appendix

41
Q

How do we diagnose appendicits

A

By the presence of neutrophils in the appendix wall

42
Q

What does dysplasia mean

A

Presence of neoplastic cells within the epithelium

43
Q

What can dysplasia progress into

A

Invasive carcinoma

44
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

The neoplastic process breaches the basement membrane and invades the underlying structures

45
Q

What are the 2 types of carcinoma in the oesophagus

A

Adenocarcinoma in barrests metaplasia

Sqaumous cells carcinoma

46
Q

What are the risk factors of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus

A

Barrets metaplasia due to chronic gord
Obestiy
Alcohol and tobacco use

47
Q

What are th risk factors for sqamous cell carcinoma

A

Alcohol and tobacco use
Diet high in vegetable and fruit
Infections e.g fungal oesophagitis
Genetic abnormality: TP54 mutations

48
Q

What are the risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma

A 
Chronic helicobacter pylori
Intestinal metaplasia
Hypochlorydria
Lynch syndrome
CHD1 mutations 
Exposure to rubber
Tobacco use
49
Q

What are the risk factors for large intestine cancer

A 
Processed meat consumption
Reduced fibre consumption 
Obesity
Alcohol and tobacco use
Medical condition: ulcerative collits, crohns disease, diabetes 
Decreased physical activity
50
Q

What is the precursor lesion for a colorectal cancer

A

Adenamotous polyp (a polyp that shows dysplasia)

51
Q

What is the treatment for git carcinomas

A

Surgical resection
Endoscoptic resention for superfical lesions
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

52
Q

What is used to stage all GIT cancer

A

TNM stage

53
Q

What is grading based on

A
  • differentiation
  • necrosis
  • number of mitoses
54
Q

Name soft tisse tumours

A

Gastro-intestional stromal tumours
Leiomyoma
Neuronal tumours

55
Q

What are gastro-intestinal stromal tumours

A

Primary mesenchymal tumours thatarise on all of the GIT and are developed from the interstitial cells of CAJAL

56
Q

Does ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease present with granuloma

A

Crohn’s disease

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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