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Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of gi tract specimens

A

Cytology specimens
Biopsy
Surgical resection specimen
Frozen sections

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2
Q

What are cytology specimens

A

This could be oesophageal or gastric brushing

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3
Q

What are examples of biopsy

A

Endscopy biopsy

Needle core biopsy

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4
Q

What is a surgical resection specimen

A

Specimen taken out by surgery and as treatment

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5
Q

What are frozen sections

A

Specimens that are done when the patient is on the operation table, purpose is to obtain a diagnosis

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6
Q

What should a histopathology report inlcude

A
  • clincal details
  • gross description of the specimen
  • microscopy findings
  • comment, conclusion and diagnosis
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7
Q

Is its a small biopsy what should the gross description include

A

Size

Weight

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8
Q

If its a large biopsy what should the gross description include

A 
Type of lesion
Colour 
Distance to resection margin 
Necrosis 
Depth of infiltration
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9
Q

Which organs are involved in the upper gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
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10
Q

What organs does the lower gastrointestinal tract include

A
  • small bowel
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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11
Q

What is the commonest cause of oesphagitis

A

GORD

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12
Q

What are the causes of GORD

A

Loss of lower oesophageal spinchter tone
Impairment of peristalsis
Delayed gastric emptying

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for GORD

A

Alcohol and tobacco use
Repeated vomiting
Nasogastric intubation

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14
Q

What is the difference in cell of acute and chronic oesophagitis

A

Acute: neutrophils
Chronic: plasma cells and lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is eosinophilic oesophagitis

A

Clinically mimics GORD and common in chidren and young adults

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16
Q

In histology what does eosinophilic oesophagitis show

A

Increased eosinophils

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17
Q

What is barrets oesophagus

A

Displacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What is the displacement of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium known as

A

Columnar metaplsia

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19
Q

What are the causes of columnar metaplasia

A

long standing reflux

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20
Q

What disease barrets oesophagus be associated with

A

Adenocarcinoma

Glandular dysplasia

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21
Q

What is the most common microorganism that causes gastritis

A

Helicobacter pylori

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22
Q

What are the reasons for duodenal biopsy to be performed

A
  • inflammation
  • acute inflammation i.e acute duodenitis
  • parasite: giardia lamblia
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23
Q

What is coeliac disease

A

The genetic predisposition for increased immunological repsonse to gluten

24
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease

A

Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Fatigue at yougn age
Anti-tranglutaminase antibodies

25
On histology what is seen in coeliac disease
``` Partial or total villus atrophy Intra-epithelial lymphocytosis i.e incresed small lymphocytes in the epithelium Chronic inflammation Cypt hyperplasia Absence of parsites ```
26
What are the causes of ischaemia of the bowel wall
- arterial and venous impairment | - hypotension
27
What is seen in macrospocy in ischaemia of the bowel wall
Dilated thin congented bowel wall | Perforation
28
What is seen in microscopy in ischaemia of the bowel wall if acute
Ulcereation Acute inflammation Haemorrhage
29
What is seen in microscopy in ischaemia of the bowel wall if chornic
Hyalinised stroma | Scar
30
What is Diverticular disease
Out pouching of the mucosa and muscarlis muscosa protrufing the bowel wall
31
What are the common causes of diverticular disease
- reduced fibre: faecal material gets pushed into the rectum as they are hard to propel into the rectum so you get outpouching
32
What are complications of Diverticular disease
``` Diverticulitis Haemmorhage Perforation Fistula Obstruction of the bowel wall ```
33
What is crohns disease
Inflammation that can start from the mouth to the anus
34
What are the features of crohsn disease
Segmental Lesions are deeper i.e can reach the subserosa Ulcers
35
What are the complications of crohns disease
``` Intestinal obstruction Haemmorhage Anaemia Perforation Malabsorption Arthritis Dermatalogical complications ```
36
What is ulcerative collitis
Inflammation of the distal colon and rectum
37
What are the featues of ulcerative colitis
Continous | Ulceration
38
What are the complication of ulcerative colitis
``` Adenocarinoma Fulminant colitis Inflammation of the bile duct Cancer of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) Superinfection ```
39
What is the symptom of microscopic colitis
Long standing diarrhoea
40
What is appendicits
Inflammation of the appendix
41
How do we diagnose appendicits
By the presence of neutrophils in the appendix wall
42
What does dysplasia mean
Presence of neoplastic cells within the epithelium
43
What can dysplasia progress into
Invasive carcinoma
44
What is a carcinoma
The neoplastic process breaches the basement membrane and invades the underlying structures
45
What are the 2 types of carcinoma in the oesophagus
Adenocarcinoma in barrests metaplasia | Sqaumous cells carcinoma
46
What are the risk factors of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
Barrets metaplasia due to chronic gord Obestiy Alcohol and tobacco use
47
What are th risk factors for sqamous cell carcinoma
Alcohol and tobacco use Diet high in vegetable and fruit Infections e.g fungal oesophagitis Genetic abnormality: TP54 mutations
48
What are the risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma
``` Chronic helicobacter pylori Intestinal metaplasia Hypochlorydria Lynch syndrome CHD1 mutations Exposure to rubber Tobacco use ```
49
What are the risk factors for large intestine cancer
``` Processed meat consumption Reduced fibre consumption Obesity Alcohol and tobacco use Medical condition: ulcerative collits, crohns disease, diabetes Decreased physical activity ```
50
What is the precursor lesion for a colorectal cancer
Adenamotous polyp (a polyp that shows dysplasia)
51
What is the treatment for git carcinomas
Surgical resection Endoscoptic resention for superfical lesions Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
52
What is used to stage all GIT cancer
TNM stage
53
What is grading based on
- differentiation - necrosis - number of mitoses
54
Name soft tisse tumours
Gastro-intestional stromal tumours Leiomyoma Neuronal tumours
55
What are gastro-intestinal stromal tumours
Primary mesenchymal tumours thatarise on all of the GIT and are developed from the interstitial cells of CAJAL
56
Does ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease present with granuloma
Crohn’s disease

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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