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Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What does a neutrophil show as in a histology

A

4 nucleated purple cell

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2
Q

What are the features of a lymphocyte in histology

A

90% of the cell is the nucleus

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3
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function
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4
Q

What is inflammation characterised by

A

Accumulation of neutropgils, lymphocytes and plasma cells

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammation

A

Acute

Chronic

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6
Q

Which cells are mainly present in an acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

Which cells are mainly present in a chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

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8
Q

What is the onset of acute inflammation

A

Minutes to hours (fast)

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9
Q

What is the onsent of chronic inflammation

A

Days (slow)

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10
Q

What is the extent of tissue injury and fibrosis in acute injury

A

Mild and self limited

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11
Q

What is the extent of tissue injury and fibrosis in chronic inflammation

A

Severe and progressive

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12
Q

What are the causes of acute inflammation

A 
Infection 
Physical agents e.g burns
Chemical agents
Immune response 
Tissue death from any cause
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13
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the development of acute inflammation

A
  1. Recognition of pahogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  2. Vascualr changes- swollen and more permeable
  3. White blood cell recruitment- neutrophils are recruited to the site
  4. Stimulus or the necrotic tissue is elminated
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14
Q

What are PAMPs present on

A

Bacteria and microorganism

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15
Q

What are DAMPs present on

A

Necrotic or damaged tissue

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16
Q

Which cells recognise DAMPs and PAMPs

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the ways that the cells can recognise DMAPs and PAMPs

A
  • complement
  • toll like receptors (receptor binding to part of the structure)
  • inflammasome complex
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18
Q

What is the inflammasome complex

A
  1. Complex of protein intracellullar which recognise pathogenic bacteria.
  2. Complex activated caspase
  3. Caspase secreted IL1
  4. This sets acute inflammation
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19
Q

After the recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs what happens

A

You have the release of:

  • histamine and prostaglandins
  • complement components and leukotrienes
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20
Q

What is the role of histamine and prostaglandins

A

Promote vasodilation

21
Q

What is the role of complement and leukotrienes

A

Increased vascular permeability

22
Q

What are the 3 vessel changes in acute inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased permeability
  3. Leukocyte margination
23
Q

What does vasodilation of arterioles lead to

A

Increased blood flow through the capillary bed

24
Q

What does increased permeability of capillaries and venules lead to

A
  • Protein rich fluid escaping into the extravascular space

- increased concentration of red blood cells that leads to congestion and reduced blood flow

25
How does leukocyte margination occur
When there is a reduced blood flow you lose axial streaming i.e red bloco cells are concentrated in the centre of the vessels so leukocytes migrate to the edge of the vessel so they can interact with the endothelium
26
What are the 4 phases of white blood cell recruitment
1. Margination: leukocytes margiante to the edge of the vessel when the axial stream is lost 2. Rolling: cells rolle along the endothelium 3. Adhesion: mediated integrins where leukocyte bind to the endothelium 4. Transmigration: leukocyte squeezes through a gap in the endothelium to get into the extra vascular space
27
How are microbes elminated
1. Leukocyte recognises particle which is mediated by opsonins e.g igG, c3b 2. Particle is engulfed into the cell to form a vesicle 3. Vesicle beinds with lysosomes 4. Particle is killed and degraded and then released
28
What are NETS
The nuclues material is released from neutrophil which acts as a mesh work to trap bacteria in the extracellular space
29
What cells are involved in chronic inflammation
Plasma cells eosinophils macrophage
30
What is the feature of a plasma cell in histology
Round purple nucleus | Paranuclear hoff
31
What is the paranucleaur hoff
Pale area in the cytoplasm which has ribosome that are transcriptively active
32
What are the features of eosinophils
Red granules in the cytoplasm
33
What are the features of a macrophage in histology
Cytoplasm
34
What are the causes of a chronic inflammation
``` Progression from an acute inflammation- stimulus of acute inflammation does not go away Primary chornic inflammation by: - microogranims Foreign body reaction e.g surgey Autoimmune disease Rejection of transplanted organ ```
35
What are the principal components of chronic inflammation
1. Tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cell and macrophages) 2. Tissue destruction 3. Healling and repair
36
How does chronic inflammation occur
1. Dendritic cells recognise foreign body on MHC and display it to the lymph nodes 2. This primes naive cd8 and cd4 cells which are activated 3. T cell migrate into the blood 4. Cd4 t cell assists macrophages with the killin 5. Cd8 cells mediates direct cell death
37
What do b lymphocytes differentiate into
Plasma cell
38
What do plasma cells produce
Immunoglobulin
39
What are macrophages involved in
Phagocytosis | Immune surveillance e.g antigen processing
40
What is the association of CD4 t cell and macrophages (m1,2)
M1 macrophages are involved in phagocytosis which is stimulated by interferon gamma produced by t helper cells M2: promote anti inflammatory effects and tissue fibrosis and repair which is stimulated by il4,5,13 by t helper cells
41
What is a granuloma
An aggrefate of macrophages that fuse together to form a giant cell
42
What are the causes of granuloma
Infection Foreign bodies Uknowns
43
What infections can cause granuloma
Mycobacteria e.g tb Atypical mycobacteria e.g fungi and parasite Syphilis
44
What foreign bodies can cause granuloma
Endogenous e.g keratin or necrotic bone | Exogenous e.g suture material
45
In which inflammation is eosinophils seen in
Chronic inflammation
46
What are eosinophils the main mediator of
Parasites and are associated with ige production
47
When can acute inflammation be associated with lymphocytes and not neutrophils
Acute viral hepatitis Viral meningitis Viral myocarditis Acute autoimmune hepatitis
48
What are the systemic effects of inflammation
Fever: due to prostaglandin affecting the temperature balance in the hypothalamus Acute phase proteins- this causes rise in CRP Leucocytosis: numberous white blooc cell in the circulaton Pain: prostaglanding and bradykinin acting on nerves

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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