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Cellular Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What does a neutrophil show as in a histology

A

4 nucleated purple cell

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2
Q

What are the features of a lymphocyte in histology

A

90% of the cell is the nucleus

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3
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function
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4
Q

What is inflammation characterised by

A

Accumulation of neutropgils, lymphocytes and plasma cells

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammation

A

Acute

Chronic

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6
Q

Which cells are mainly present in an acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

Which cells are mainly present in a chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

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8
Q

What is the onset of acute inflammation

A

Minutes to hours (fast)

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9
Q

What is the onsent of chronic inflammation

A

Days (slow)

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10
Q

What is the extent of tissue injury and fibrosis in acute injury

A

Mild and self limited

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11
Q

What is the extent of tissue injury and fibrosis in chronic inflammation

A

Severe and progressive

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12
Q

What are the causes of acute inflammation

A 
Infection 
Physical agents e.g burns
Chemical agents
Immune response 
Tissue death from any cause
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13
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the development of acute inflammation

A
  1. Recognition of pahogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
  2. Vascualr changes- swollen and more permeable
  3. White blood cell recruitment- neutrophils are recruited to the site
  4. Stimulus or the necrotic tissue is elminated
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14
Q

What are PAMPs present on

A

Bacteria and microorganism

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15
Q

What are DAMPs present on

A

Necrotic or damaged tissue

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16
Q

Which cells recognise DAMPs and PAMPs

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the ways that the cells can recognise DMAPs and PAMPs

A
  • complement
  • toll like receptors (receptor binding to part of the structure)
  • inflammasome complex
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18
Q

What is the inflammasome complex

A
  1. Complex of protein intracellullar which recognise pathogenic bacteria.
  2. Complex activated caspase
  3. Caspase secreted IL1
  4. This sets acute inflammation
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19
Q

After the recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs what happens

A

You have the release of:

  • histamine and prostaglandins
  • complement components and leukotrienes
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20
Q

What is the role of histamine and prostaglandins

A

Promote vasodilation

21
Q

What is the role of complement and leukotrienes

A

Increased vascular permeability

22
Q

What are the 3 vessel changes in acute inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased permeability
  3. Leukocyte margination
23
Q

What does vasodilation of arterioles lead to

A

Increased blood flow through the capillary bed

24
Q

What does increased permeability of capillaries and venules lead to

A
  • Protein rich fluid escaping into the extravascular space

- increased concentration of red blood cells that leads to congestion and reduced blood flow

25
Q

How does leukocyte margination occur

A

When there is a reduced blood flow you lose axial streaming i.e red bloco cells are concentrated in the centre of the vessels so leukocytes migrate to the edge of the vessel so they can interact with the endothelium

26
Q

What are the 4 phases of white blood cell recruitment

A
  1. Margination: leukocytes margiante to the edge of the vessel when the axial stream is lost
  2. Rolling: cells rolle along the endothelium
  3. Adhesion: mediated integrins where leukocyte bind to the endothelium
  4. Transmigration: leukocyte squeezes through a gap in the endothelium to get into the extra vascular space
27
Q

How are microbes elminated

A
  1. Leukocyte recognises particle which is mediated by opsonins e.g igG, c3b
  2. Particle is engulfed into the cell to form a vesicle
  3. Vesicle beinds with lysosomes
  4. Particle is killed and degraded and then released
28
Q

What are NETS

A

The nuclues material is released from neutrophil which acts as a mesh work to trap bacteria in the extracellular space

29
Q

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation

A

Plasma cells
eosinophils
macrophage

30
Q

What is the feature of a plasma cell in histology

A

Round purple nucleus

Paranuclear hoff

31
Q

What is the paranucleaur hoff

A

Pale area in the cytoplasm which has ribosome that are transcriptively active

32
Q

What are the features of eosinophils

A

Red granules in the cytoplasm

33
Q

What are the features of a macrophage in histology

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

What are the causes of a chronic inflammation

A 
Progression from an acute inflammation- stimulus of acute inflammation does not go away
Primary chornic inflammation by:
- microogranims 
Foreign body reaction e.g surgey 
Autoimmune disease
Rejection of transplanted organ
35
Q

What are the principal components of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cell and macrophages)
  2. Tissue destruction
  3. Healling and repair
36
Q

How does chronic inflammation occur

A
  1. Dendritic cells recognise foreign body on MHC and display it to the lymph nodes
  2. This primes naive cd8 and cd4 cells which are activated
  3. T cell migrate into the blood
  4. Cd4 t cell assists macrophages with the killin
  5. Cd8 cells mediates direct cell death
37
Q

What do b lymphocytes differentiate into

A

Plasma cell

38
Q

What do plasma cells produce

A

Immunoglobulin

39
Q

What are macrophages involved in

A

Phagocytosis

Immune surveillance e.g antigen processing

40
Q

What is the association of CD4 t cell and macrophages (m1,2)

A

M1 macrophages are involved in phagocytosis which is stimulated by interferon gamma produced by t helper cells

M2: promote anti inflammatory effects and tissue fibrosis and repair which is stimulated by il4,5,13 by t helper cells

41
Q

What is a granuloma

A

An aggrefate of macrophages that fuse together to form a giant cell

42
Q

What are the causes of granuloma

A

Infection
Foreign bodies
Uknowns

43
Q

What infections can cause granuloma

A

Mycobacteria e.g tb
Atypical mycobacteria e.g fungi and parasite
Syphilis

44
Q

What foreign bodies can cause granuloma

A

Endogenous e.g keratin or necrotic bone

Exogenous e.g suture material

45
Q

In which inflammation is eosinophils seen in

A

Chronic inflammation

46
Q

What are eosinophils the main mediator of

A

Parasites and are associated with ige production

47
Q

When can acute inflammation be associated with lymphocytes and not neutrophils

A

Acute viral hepatitis
Viral meningitis
Viral myocarditis
Acute autoimmune hepatitis

48
Q

What are the systemic effects of inflammation

A

Fever: due to prostaglandin affecting the temperature balance in the hypothalamus
Acute phase proteins- this causes rise in CRP
Leucocytosis: numberous white blooc cell in the circulaton
Pain: prostaglanding and bradykinin acting on nerves

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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