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Cellular Pathology > Cellular Response To Stress And Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Response To Stress And Injury Flashcards

1
Q

How can you tell the difference between an alive or dead cell under a microscpe

A

Alive cell has nucleus stained

Dead cell has nucleus gone

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2
Q

What ar the 5 processes that occur in cell injury

A
  1. Adaptation
  2. Cell injury
  3. Reversible injury
  4. Irreversible injury
  5. Cell death
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3
Q

What occurs in adaptation

A

The cells respond to stress

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4
Q

What causes cell injury to occur

A

Failure of the cell to adapt to a particular stress

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5
Q

When does reversible injury occur

A

When the cell injur is mild or transient so it can go back to being a normal cell

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6
Q

What causes irreversible injury to occur

A

When the cell injury is severe or progressive so the injury becomes irreversible

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7
Q

What occurs in cell death

A

This occurs after irreversible injury, the cell with die by necrosis or apoptosis

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8
Q

What are the 4 main ways of adaptation

A
  1. Hyerplasia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
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9
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells by hormonal and chemical stimnulus

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10
Q

How do we get hyperplasia

A

Increasing number of cells entering the cell cycle

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11
Q

How does bening prostatic hyperplasia occur

A
  1. DHT (andorgen derived from testosterone) is the stimulus
  2. This results in hyperplasia of epithelail and stromal cells
  3. This causes the compression of the urethra
  4. Urine therefore cant drain freely
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12
Q

What is the treatment for BPH

A

5 alpha reductase

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of 5 alpha reductase

A

Inhibit the production of DHT

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14
Q

What is hypertrohy

A

Increase in the size of the cell due to a mechanical stimulus

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of hypertrophy

A
  1. Mechanical stimulus acitvates signal transduction pathway
  2. This increases the synthesis of contractile protein in the cell which increases the mechanical performance of the cell
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16
Q

Name a pathological event of hypertrophy

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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17
Q

What occurs in left ventricular hypertrophy

A
  1. This occurs as a result ot mechnial pressue of sytemic hypertension
  2. Ventricular hypertrophy occurs so the left ventricles have more power to work against pressue
  3. Overtime left ventricular hypertrophy is too great which impairs the heart as it becomes stiff
  4. This impairs the diastolic filling
18
Q

What is atrophy

A

This is the decrease in the size of tissue or number (opposite of hypeplasia and hypertrophy)

19
Q

Name a physiological example of atrophy

A

Post pubertal atrophy of the thymus gland which is part of the ageing process

20
Q

Name a pathological example of atrophy

A

Brain atrophy

21
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Replacement of one differentiated cell type by another differitated cell type which occurs as a result of unfavourable environmental

22
Q

Name an example of metaplasia in the bronchus due to smoking

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium become squamous epithelium (this is resistant to the damaging effects of smoking)

23
Q

Name an example of metaplasia that occurs in the lower oesphagus due to acid reflux

A

Squamous epithelum becomes gastric columnar type epithelum

24
Q

Name an example of metaplasia that occurs in the stomach due to chornic inflammation

A

Gastric columnar epithelium becomes intestinal type columnar epithelium

25
Q

What is the consequence of metaplasia

A

Loss of normal cell function

Increased risk of malignancy

26
Q

What are the causes of cell injury

A 
ishcaemia 
Radiation
Trauma 
Surgical 
Ifeciton 
Burns
Inflammation 
Toxins
27
Q

What are the 4 biochemical mechanims of cell injury

A
  1. Atp depletion
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. Increased intracellular calcium
  4. Increased reactive oxygen species
28
Q

What are the histological features in an early reversible cell injury

A
  • cell swelling due to decreased atp production so sodium/potassium atpase depletion occurs and sodium accumlates in the cell that draws water
  • reduction in cytoplasmic rna due to reduced transcription
29
Q

What are the 2 main types of cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

30
Q

What is necrosis

A

Cell death driven by external injury

31
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

32
Q

What is the difference in cell size of necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis- swelling

Apoptosis- shrinkage

33
Q

What is the difference in the number of cell involved in necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis- groups of cells

Apoptosis- single cell

34
Q

What is the difference in tissue reaction of necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis- acute inflammation

Apoptosis- phagocytosis

35
Q

What are the 2 pathways that drive apoptosis

A
  1. Intrinsic pathway

2. extrinsic pathway

36
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway in apoptosis

A

Cell injury is detected by BCL2 which induce the mitochondria to produce cytochrome c.
Cytochrome c activates caspases that control apoptosis

37
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Ligands e.g FAS and TNF bind to receptors that initiate caspase

38
Q

What are the 5 types of necrosis

A

Coagulation necrosis- seen in ishcaemic injury
Liquefactive necrosis- architecture of dead tissue is lost
Caseous necrosis- seen in the centre of tb granuloma
Fibrinoid necrosis- occurs in blood vessels
Fat necrosis- necrosis of fat. Can occur in acute pancratitis

39
Q

What are the other forms of cell death

A

Necroptosis

Pyroptosis

40
Q

What is necroptosis

A

Necrosis that is triggered by the extrinsic death receptors pathway but is caspase independent

41
Q

What is pyroptosis

A

Caspase dependent which generated inflammatory response and activates the intracellular pathway via inflammasome complex that generated IL1

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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