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Cellular Pathology > Neuropathology 1: Trauma, Demyelination, Neurodegenerative Diseases > Flashcards

Neuropathology 1: Trauma, Demyelination, Neurodegenerative Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanims of head injury

A

Primary events

Secondary events

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2
Q

What are primary events

A

Immediate consequences which are:

  • neural
  • vascular
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3
Q

What are secondary events:

A
  • ischaemia
  • raised intracranial pressure
  • infection
  • post traumatic epilepsy
  • chronic traumatic encephalopathy
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4
Q

What are the types of neural damage

A

Contusional damage
Traumatic axonal injury
Diffuse axonal injury

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5
Q

What are contusional damage

A 
Focal symptoms 
contre coup injury
Common in frontol and temporal lobes 
Burst lobe 
Post traumatic epilepsy
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6
Q

What is the contre coup injury

A

This is when there is injury that occurs at the site of impact , the brain move to the other side and has another injury at the other side.

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7
Q

Why are contusional damage common in the frontol and temporal lobe

A

Temporal and frontol lobes are the largest lobes so are exposed more

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8
Q

What is a burst lobe

A

When there is a large intra cerebral haemorrhage which is big that causes a burst

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9
Q

What is traumatix axonal injury

A

The brain is not hurt by a large haemorrhage, the axons are however stretched or disrupted

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10
Q

Give an example of a severe form of traumatic axonal injury

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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11
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury

A

Axons are damaged due to large velocity acceleration

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12
Q

Is diffuse axonal injury compatible with life

A

No

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13
Q

What state does axonal diffuse injury cause

A

Post traumatic persistent vegetative state

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14
Q

What are the types of vascular damage

A
  1. Diffuse vascualr damage
  2. Damage to arteries in neck or intracrainally causing infarction or ischaemia
  3. Intracranial haemorrhage
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of haemorrhage

A
  1. Extrdural
  2. Subdural
  3. Subarachnoid
  4. Intracerebral
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16
Q

What is a extradural haemorrhage

A

Usually arterial

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17
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage

A

Damage to underyling or briding veins

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for subdural haemorrhage

A

Anticoagulation therapy
Alcoholism
Cerebral atrophy seen in elderly

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19
Q

What is subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Damage to vertebral arteries in the neck or shearing of intracranial arteries

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20
Q

What is a intracerebral haemorrhage

A

From the contusion that may occurs hours/days after injury

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21
Q

When is raised intracranial pressure seen

A

In the form of cerebral oedema

22
Q

What can the cerebral oedema be a reaction to

23
Q

What effect would a haematoma have

A

Mass effect which can raise the pressure

24
Q

Name an example of infection that can occur

25
What can meningits form due to
Compound depressed fracture of the skull | Fracutre of the base of skull through the air siunuses and middle ear
26
What is post traumatic epilepsy
Recurrent seizure that results fom injury to the brain
27
What is chronic trauma encephalopathy
Brain degeneration caused by repeated head trauma
28
What is a common sport that can cause chronic trauma encephalopathy
Boxing
29
What are the causes of dementia
``` Neurodegenerative disease Vascular disease Alcohol Hydrocephalus Metabolic, hepatic, thryoid disease, b12 deficiency Cerebral tumours Autoimmune limbic encephalitis Mutliple sclerosis Infections: hiv, herpes ```
30
What are the commonest causes of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease Vascular dementia Lewy body dementia Frontotemporal dementia
31
What is Alzheimer’s disease
Cerebral atropgy of the frontol and temporal lobes and reduced dendritic branches of neurones
32
What are the other features in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease
Neurotic (amyloid) plaques Neurofibrillay tangles Amyloid angiopathy
33
What are the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
Age Head injury Down syndrome Mutation in BAPP genes
34
What is the therapy in Alzheimer’s disease
Anticholinergic agents | Immunisation against amyloid beta peptide to reduce plaques
35
What is lewy body disorder
This is an umbrella term for 2 diseases of: Lewy body dementia Parkinsons disease dementia
36
What happens in parkisons disease dementia
There is loss of pigmented cell in the substantia niagra and there is lewy bodies in the substantia niagra which leads to loss of dopaminergic input to the basal ganglia
37
What is lewy body dementia
There are lewy bodies in the cytoplasm of cortical neruones
38
What is vascular dementia
Mutli infarct dementia i.e accumulation of infarcts that leads to dementia
39
What is fronto temporal dementia
This is a group of disorders that cocur when the nerve cells in the frontol and temporal loves of the brian are lost
40
What are the common types of fronto temporal dementia
Behavioural variant | Primary progressive aphasia
41
What are the subtypes of primary progressive aphasia
Non fluent variant | Semantic variant
42
What is non fluent variant of primary progressive aphasia
With language deficits
43
What is the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia
Deficit with ability to use and understand language
44
What is the behavioral variant
Deterioration in personality and behaviour
45
What are the form of motor neurone disease
Primary lateral sclerosis- only affects upper motor neurone Progressive muscular atropgy- onyl affects the lower motor neurone Progressive bulbar palsy
46
What is the pathology of motor neurone disease
Ubiquitinated inclusions in more neurone nuecloi
47
What is prion disorder
Mainyl characterised by creutzfeldt jakob disease
48
What is the pathology of prion disorders
Spongiform change with neuronal loss, gliosis and amyloid plaques mostly in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex
49
What is multiple sclerosis
Demyelination of axons with relative axonal preservation and affects the optic nerves, periventricular white matter, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord
50
What is the pathology of MS
T cell mediatd immune response to myelin antigens

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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