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Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Whata are th features of cancer cells

A
  • Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
  • nuclear pleomorphism
  • nuclear hyperchromasia
  • prominent nucleoli
  • increased mitotic activity
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2
Q

What is an increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

A

Large nuclei with little cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is a nuclear pleomorphism

A

Variation in nuclear size and shape

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4
Q

What is a nuclear hyperchromasia

A

Dark staining nuclei

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5
Q

What is a prominent nuceoli

A

Large nuceoli

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6
Q

What is a increased mitotic activtiy

A

Increased cell proliferation

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7
Q

How many cells does cancer arise from

A

One cell

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8
Q

When a normal cell recieves the initiating mutation what happens to it

A

It becomes a precursor cell with stem cell like properities

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9
Q

What happens to a precursor cell

A

Accumulates mutations and becomes a cancer cell

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10
Q

What will happen to the cancer cell

A

Accumulate mutatios and grow to form a tumour with different subclones

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11
Q

What is a tumour

A

A mass of swelling

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12
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Abnormal mass of tissue which the growth exceeds and persits even when the stimuli is removed

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13
Q

What does benign mean

A

Has no harm.

Localised and does not spread

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14
Q

What does malignant mean

A

Can spread to distant sites and invade adjacent structures

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15
Q

What does cancer mean

A

Malignant neoplasm

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16
Q

What is metastasis

A

Spread of cancer to distant sites

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17
Q

What is the gross appearance of a benign neoplasm

A

Well circumscribed

Small

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18
Q

What is the gross apperance of a malignant neoplasm

A 
Irregular
Generally large
Haemmorhage 
Ulceration
Necrosis
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19
Q

What is the microscopic feature of a benign neoplasm

A 
Normal nuclear size
Small/inconspicuous nucleoli 
Absenrt pleomorphism
Infrequent mitoses
Good differentiation
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20
Q

What is the microscopic feature of malignant neoplasm

A 
Enlarged nuclear size
Prominent nucleoli
Marked pleomorphism 
Frequent mitoses
Varirable differentiation
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21
Q

What is the growth speed of a benign neoplasm

A

Slow

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22
Q

What is the growth speed of a malignant neoplasm

A

Fast

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23
Q

What are the main steps a tumour has to undergo to become a tumour

A
  1. Loosening of cell junctions
  2. Degradation of the extracellular matrix
  3. Migration of tumour cells
  4. Invade the wall of the blood vessel to enter the blood
  5. Form a tumour plug (thrombus around it)
  6. Extravasation to form a metastatic tumour deposit
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24
Q

Hwo are cell juntions loosened

A
  • e cadherin mutations occurs to loosen the cell junction of cells so its easier for the cell to become detaches off from the epithelium
  • epithelial mesenchymal transition occurs
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25
What is the epithelial mesenchymal transition
Epithelial cells become mesenchymal cells to gain motiliy
26
Why is the extracellular matrix degraded
Once the cell detaches it needs to invade the stroma and extracellular matrix
27
How is the extracellular matrix degraded
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Cathepsin d Urokinase plasminogen activator
28
How do cells migrate
By contraction of the actin cytoskeleton
29
What is a perineural invasion
When tumour cells not only invade the stroma but nerves too
30
What does perineural invasion show clinically
- cancer associated pain - disability if the surgeon has to cut the nerve during surgery - regrowth of the tumour if the surgeon fails to remove it
31
What are the 3 main metastasis route
1. Lymphatic spread 2. Haematogenous spread 3. Seeding of body cavity
32
How does lymphatic spread occur
1. When the tumour enters a lymphatic space 2. This allows spread to lymph nodes 3. Lymph nodes act as a trap to trap the tumour 4. Tumour grows in the lymph node
33
If the lymphatic sprea if prominent what can it give rise to
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa (lymphatic are full of tumour cells)
34
In haematogenous spread what type of vessel is most affected and why
Veins- they have thinner walls
35
What is seeding of body cavities in metasises
Tumours metasise by seeding the body cavity
36
Which organs frequently recieve metastasis
Liver Lungs Brain Bone marrow
37
Which tumours can metastase to bone
``` Lung Breast Prostate Thyroid Kidney ```
38
What can bone metasises by
Lytic | Sclerotic
39
What is lytic bone metasise
bone is destroyed
40
What is sclerotic bone metasises
New bone is formed in repsonce to the tumout
41
What does staging a tumour relate to
The spread, extent of invasion
42
What is the most common staging system used
TNM
43
What does staging give a indication of
Prognosis of the cancer
44
What are the risk factors for neoplasia
``` Inherited genetic predisposition Age Enviromental Chronic inflammation Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ ```
45
What are some enviromental factors
``` Smoking Alcohol Diet and obesity Infection Reproduction Occupation e.g asbestos ```
46
What is dysplasia
Disordered cell growth due to accumulation of non lethal mutation (resembled malignant cells but are not invasive)
47
What role does the immune response play in fighting off cancer
1. Tumour cells produce abnormal proteins 2. These are recognsied as foregin by the immune system 3. Tumour antigens are phagocytosed by dendritic cells and presented to the t cell in the lymph nodes 4. T cells are acitvated and migrate to the tumour to attack it.
48
What does differentiation mean
How well cancer resembles its origin of cell
49
What is grading
A numericla value to differentiation
50
What is grade 1
Well differentiated
51
What is grade 2
Moderately differentiated
52
What si grade 3
Poorly differenitiated
53
What are undifferentiated tumours
Tumours that are poorly differentiated that it is impossible to tell what their origin is
54
What can we use to identify undifferentiated tumours
Immunohistochemistry
55
What is immunohistochemistry
Using antibodies that are coloured and if they bind to the antigen it stains
56
How are neoplasms classified
They are classed into the tissue origin i.e epithelium or mesenchymal. They are then subdivided into benign or malignant
57
What pre-fix do benign neoplasms end in
-oma
58
What pre-fix do malignant neoplasms end in if they have a epithelium origin
Carcinoma
59
What pre-fix do malignant mesenchymal neoplasms end in
- Sarcoma
60
What are the other ways of classifying neoplasms
- histological apperance | - molecular classification
61
Name an example of a cancer that is classed accordingly to its histological apperance
Thyroid carcnoma
62
What are the 3 classification of thyroid carcinoma
Papillary thyroid carcinoma Follicular thyroid carcinoma Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
63
Which histological subtype of thyroid carcinoma has a good prognosis
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
64
Which histological subtype of thyroid carcinoma has a poor prognosis
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
65
What is the route of spread of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Lymphatic
66
What is the route of spread of follicular thyroid carcinoma
Haematogenous
67
What is the route of spread of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Local invasion
68
What are teratomas
Neoplasms derived from embryonic germ cells (can occur in the testis and ovaries)
69
What are embryonic tumours
These arise during development
70
What are hamatomas
Tumour like malformation, they present at birth but stop growing when the person stops growing

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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