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Cellular Pathology > Healing And Repair > Flashcards

Healing And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

How does healing and repair occur, what are the 2 processes

A 
Regeneration
Scar formation (fibrosis)
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2
Q

When does regeneration occur

A

Injury is mild or superficial

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3
Q

When does scar formation occur

A

Severe injury

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4
Q

What are labile cells

A

Cells that continously divide

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5
Q

What are stable cells

A

Silent cell (in g0 cell cycle phase) and with stimulation they enter the cell cycle

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6
Q

What are permanent cells

A

Cells that are unabel to divide

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7
Q

What are the main driver of cell cycle progression

A

Growth factors

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8
Q

How do growth factors allow the cell cycle to progress

A
  1. Growth factors bind to the transmembrane growth factor receptor
  2. This activates a intracellular signalling pathway
  3. This causes transcription of proteinst that are involved in the cell cycle progression
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9
Q

Name growth factors that stimulate epithelial cells

A

EGF (epidermal growth factor)
HGF (hepatocyte grwoth factor)
KGF (keratinocyte growth factor)
TGF alpha (transforming grwoth factor)

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10
Q

Name growth factors that stimulate mesenchymal cells

A

VEGF - stimualtes endothelial cells and increase vascular permeability
FGFs - stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis
TGF-beta- stimulates ECM protein synthesis

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11
Q

What cells is the liver composed of

A

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

What type of cells are hepatocytes

A

Stable cells

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13
Q

When hepatocytyes are damaged how are they stimualted to re enter the cell cycle

A

By HGF ( hepatocyte growthfactor)

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14
Q

What cells are the bone made of

A

Osteoid (extracellular matrix)

Osteocytes

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15
Q

How is the soft callus in a bone formed after a fracture

A
  1. Haematoma forms as the blood vessel rupture
  2. Fibrin and platelets leak out
  3. Fibrin forms a meshwork to a weak stability to the joint
  4. Damage to tissue elicit a inflammatory response so inflammatory cells and platelets produce growth factors of: PDGF, TGF beta and FGF
  5. Growth factors acitvate cells n the bone which deposit and remodel osteoid
  6. Osteoblast deposit osteoid
  7. Osteoclast are activated for bone reabsorption
  8. Projenitor cells becoem chrondrocytes to form cartilage
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16
Q

How is the bone callus formed

A

Osteoclast and osteoblast cause soft callus to become the bony callus

17
Q

With time what happenes to the immature bone

A

Gradually matures to become the lamellar bone

18
Q

When does scarring occur

A

If repair cant be achieved by regeneration alone

19
Q

Describe the process in a scar formation

A
  1. Haemorrhage occurs as the blood vessel in the dermis is damaged
  2. This causes a haemostatic plug formed by platelet and fibrin deposition
  3. Cells also proliferate such as epithelial, endothelial and fibrobaslts which form granualtion tissue
  4. Endothelial cell prolfiration due to VEGF causes angiogenesis
  5. Connective tissue deposition occurs
  6. Fibroblsts are stimualted by TGF beta to produce collagen and proteoglycans and elastin to create a scar
  7. Scar continues to remodel and mature until epithelium grows on top
20
Q

What are the 2 ways in which skin can heal

A

Healing by primary intention

Healing by secondary intention

21
Q

What is healing by primary intention

A

Skin heals as a result of a small defect so less prolferation is needed

22
Q

What is healing by secondary intention

A

Skin heals due to a large defect so the wound is left open and dresses

Healig occurs as the same mechanism with more inflammation, granulation tisse and fibroplasia

23
Q

What are the systemic factors that affect wound healing

A

Nutrition
Metabolic status
Circualtory status
Hormones

24
Q

What are the local factors that affect healing

A

Local blood supply
Infection
Foreign body
Mechanical factors

25
Q

What is liver cirrhosis

A

Ndoule of regenetation hepatocytes surrounded by fibrous tiisse

26
Q

What are the factors that affect development of cirrhosis

A
  • time course of liver injury

- anti-microbial liver injury

27
Q

Does paracetamol overdose or alcohol cause liver cirhossis

A

Paracetamol overdose does not casue cirhopsis as it occurs once
Alcohol causes cirhpsis if used linger

28
Q

What are the clinical consequences of liver cirhosis

A 
Jaundice
Spider naive
Palmar erythema 
Gynaecomastia 
Flapping tremor 
Splenomegaly 
Loss of parenchyma function 
Portal hypertension
Enceophalopathy 
Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cellular Pathology (19 decks)

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