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Biology 12 > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

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1
Q

Urogenital system and what’s it responsible for

A

System consisting of urinary and reproductive organs

Responsible for filtration of blood and reproduction

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2
Q

Why are the 2 systems grouped together?

A

Due to embryology and proximity

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3
Q

Responsibility of urinary organs

A

Removing liquid waste from body

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4
Q

Liquid waste enters blood from which organ?

A

Liver

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5
Q

What does nitrogenous waste come from?

A

Breakdown of excess proteins, nucleic acid, denatured RBCs

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6
Q

What does nitrogenous waste enter the liver as?

A

Ammonia (converted to urea which is less harmful)

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7
Q

What is urea composed of?

A

2 ammonia molecules, 1 carbon dioxide molecule

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8
Q

Waste products from liver travel through what arteries to reach kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

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9
Q

Kidneys and what 3 things does it do?

A

Primary site of blood filtration in body
Removes harmful substances, maintains pH and water homeostasis

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10
Q

5 main components of kidneys

A

Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting duct

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11
Q

Nephron

A

One tubule from glomerulus to collection duct

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12
Q

Glomerulus

A

Where blood is filtered in kidney
Acts as one way valve only allowing some substances to pass through

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13
Q

What 6 substances are filtered out by the glomerulus?

A

Water
Salt
Glucose
Urea
Amino acids
Hydrogen ions

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14
Q

Where do the other substances that don’t get filtered by the glomerulus go?

A

Circulatory system

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15
Q

Where do filtered substances from kidneys go?

A

Proximal tubule

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16
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Specializes in re-absorption of useful substances (glucose, amino acids, water)

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17
Q

Where don reabsorbed substances from proximal tubule go?

A

Peritubular capillary

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18
Q

Peritubular capillary

A

Returns blood to renal arteries

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19
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Specializes in water and salt reabsorption

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20
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Uses active transport to remove any urea or hydrogen ions from Peritubular capillary back into distal tubule for secretion

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21
Q

Collecting duct

A

Collects fluid from many nephrons and transports out of kidney as urine

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22
Q

Uretors

A

Transports urine from kidneys to bladder where urine is stored for secretion

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23
Q

Urethra

A

Secretes urine from body
Males: penis
Women: vulva

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24
Q

How is water balance achieved in body?

A

Through hormone called Anti Diuretic hormone

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25
Q

Anti-Diuretic hormone

A

Causes collection duct to reabsorb water into bloodstream

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26
Q

When is an anti-diuretic hormone released?

A

During periods of dehydration, resulting in urine that’s concentrated and reduced in volume

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27
Q

Reproductive system

A

Responsible for producing gamete’s and growing offspring

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28
Q

Why do male embryos start to differentiate from female embryos?

A

Lack of second X chromosome

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29
Q

Testes

A

Primary site of male reproduction
Produces sperm and sex hormones

30
Q

Where are testes stored?

A

Scrotum

31
Q

Scrotum

A

Skin pouch responsible for maintaining homeostasis for sperm reproduction

32
Q

What temp to testes require

A

35
A bit colder than human body temp

33
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Tube that carries sperm from testes to urethra

34
Q

Where is sperm formed and stored?

A

Seminiferous tubules and stored in epididymis

35
Q

Epididymis

A

Tube on outside of testes

36
Q

Spermatogenesis and what’s it triggered by?

A

Process of creating new sperm
Triggered by release of hormone called testosterone

37
Q

What do the head of sperm contain?

A

Acrosome, nucleus, cytoplasm

38
Q

What does the tail of sperm contain?

A

Flagellum and mitochondria

39
Q

Acrosome

A

Stores enzymes for breaking through protective coating of egg

40
Q

Seminal Fluids

A

Substance which helps sperm reach egg

41
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Glands along vas deferens which release fructose and prostaglandins

42
Q

Fructose

A

Sugar used by mitochondria of sperm cells to power flagella

43
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Trigger contractions of muscles along inside of female reproductive tract guiding sperm to egg

44
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces buffer which protects sperm from acidic environment of vagina

45
Q

Semen

A

Combo of sperm and seminal fluid

46
Q

How does semen exit reproductive system

A

Ejaculation

47
Q

Ejaculation

A

The contraction of muscles of male reproductive system, squeezing sperm and fluid through male urethra

48
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce eggs and female sex hormones

49
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Transports eggs to uterus

50
Q

Uterus

A

Organ responsible for neutering fertilized eggs

51
Q

What 2 layers does the uterus consist of?

A

Endometrium (top) and myometrium (bottom)

52
Q

Endometrium

A

Provides nutrients for embryo

53
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscles for contraction

54
Q

Vagina

A

Organ that connects uterus to environment

55
Q

Cervix

A

Muscle separating uterus from vagina
Controls dilation levels in child birth

56
Q

Vulva and contents

A

External organs surrounding vagina (urethra, mons pubis, labia major/minor, clitoris)

57
Q

Sperm can move with assistance from what 2 things?

A

Vagina fluids and muscle contractions

58
Q

What do the sperm and egg produce once fused together in fallopian tube?

A

Zygote

59
Q

Pregnancy

A

When zygote implants in endometrium of uterus, developing into fetus

60
Q

Menstruation

A

The shedding of unfertilized eggs

61
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Cycle of shedding/regrowing endometrium

62
Q

What is menstruation followed by?

A

Follicular phase

63
Q

Follicular phase

A

Cells in ovaries called follicles develop into eggs, estrogen is released

64
Q

Ovulation

A

Stage on menstrual cycle where egg is released into fallopian tube (occurs around day 14)

65
Q

Fertile days

A

Ovulation and the days immediately proceeding it

66
Q

Luteal phase

A

Latter half of cycle (named after corpus luteum)

67
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Group of cells in ovary that block fallopian tube and secretes progesterone

68
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if egg is unfertilized?

A

Degrades

69
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex features not part of reproduction, caused by sex hormones

70
Q

Male secondary sex characteristics

A

Facial hair
Body hair
Pubic hair
Larynx growth
Oil production

71
Q

Female secondary sex characteristics

A

Increased fat deposits (butt, hips, thighs)
Body/pubic hair growth
Breast enlargement

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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