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Biology 12 > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

Urogenital system and what’s it responsible for

A

System consisting of urinary and reproductive organs

Responsible for filtration of blood and reproduction

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2
Q

Why are the 2 systems grouped together?

A

Due to embryology and proximity

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3
Q

Responsibility of urinary organs

A

Removing liquid waste from body

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4
Q

Liquid waste enters blood from which organ?

A

Liver

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5
Q

What does nitrogenous waste come from?

A

Breakdown of excess proteins, nucleic acid, denatured RBCs

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6
Q

What does nitrogenous waste enter the liver as?

A

Ammonia (converted to urea which is less harmful)

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7
Q

What is urea composed of?

A

2 ammonia molecules, 1 carbon dioxide molecule

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8
Q

Waste products from liver travel through what arteries to reach kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

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9
Q

Kidneys and what 3 things does it do?

A

Primary site of blood filtration in body
Removes harmful substances, maintains pH and water homeostasis

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10
Q

5 main components of kidneys

A

Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting duct

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11
Q

Nephron

A

One tubule from glomerulus to collection duct

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12
Q

Glomerulus

A

Where blood is filtered in kidney
Acts as one way valve only allowing some substances to pass through

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13
Q

What 6 substances are filtered out by the glomerulus?

A

Water
Salt
Glucose
Urea
Amino acids
Hydrogen ions

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14
Q

Where do the other substances that don’t get filtered by the glomerulus go?

A

Circulatory system

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15
Q

Where do filtered substances from kidneys go?

A

Proximal tubule

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16
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Specializes in re-absorption of useful substances (glucose, amino acids, water)

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17
Q

Where don reabsorbed substances from proximal tubule go?

A

Peritubular capillary

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18
Q

Peritubular capillary

A

Returns blood to renal arteries

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19
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Specializes in water and salt reabsorption

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20
Q

Distal Tubule

A

Uses active transport to remove any urea or hydrogen ions from Peritubular capillary back into distal tubule for secretion

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21
Q

Collecting duct

A

Collects fluid from many nephrons and transports out of kidney as urine

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22
Q

Uretors

A

Transports urine from kidneys to bladder where urine is stored for secretion

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23
Q

Urethra

A

Secretes urine from body
Males: penis
Women: vulva

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24
Q

How is water balance achieved in body?

A

Through hormone called Anti Diuretic hormone

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25
Anti-Diuretic hormone
Causes collection duct to reabsorb water into bloodstream
26
When is an anti-diuretic hormone released?
During periods of dehydration, resulting in urine that’s concentrated and reduced in volume
27
Reproductive system
Responsible for producing gamete’s and growing offspring
28
Why do male embryos start to differentiate from female embryos?
Lack of second X chromosome
29
Testes
Primary site of male reproduction Produces sperm and sex hormones
30
Where are testes stored?
Scrotum
31
Scrotum
Skin pouch responsible for maintaining homeostasis for sperm reproduction
32
What temp to testes require
35 A bit colder than human body temp
33
Vas Deferens
Tube that carries sperm from testes to urethra
34
Where is sperm formed and stored?
Seminiferous tubules and stored in epididymis
35
Epididymis
Tube on outside of testes
36
Spermatogenesis and what’s it triggered by?
Process of creating new sperm Triggered by release of hormone called testosterone
37
What do the head of sperm contain?
Acrosome, nucleus, cytoplasm
38
What does the tail of sperm contain?
Flagellum and mitochondria
39
Acrosome
Stores enzymes for breaking through protective coating of egg
40
Seminal Fluids
Substance which helps sperm reach egg
41
Seminal Vesicles
Glands along vas deferens which release fructose and prostaglandins
42
Fructose
Sugar used by mitochondria of sperm cells to power flagella
43
Prostaglandins
Trigger contractions of muscles along inside of female reproductive tract guiding sperm to egg
44
Prostate gland
Produces buffer which protects sperm from acidic environment of vagina
45
Semen
Combo of sperm and seminal fluid
46
How does semen exit reproductive system
Ejaculation
47
Ejaculation
The contraction of muscles of male reproductive system, squeezing sperm and fluid through male urethra
48
Ovaries
Produce eggs and female sex hormones
49
Fallopian tube
Transports eggs to uterus
50
Uterus
Organ responsible for neutering fertilized eggs
51
What 2 layers does the uterus consist of?
Endometrium (top) and myometrium (bottom)
52
Endometrium
Provides nutrients for embryo
53
Myometrium
Muscles for contraction
54
Vagina
Organ that connects uterus to environment
55
Cervix
Muscle separating uterus from vagina Controls dilation levels in child birth
56
Vulva and contents
External organs surrounding vagina (urethra, mons pubis, labia major/minor, clitoris)
57
Sperm can move with assistance from what 2 things?
Vagina fluids and muscle contractions
58
What do the sperm and egg produce once fused together in fallopian tube?
Zygote
59
Pregnancy
When zygote implants in endometrium of uterus, developing into fetus
60
Menstruation
The shedding of unfertilized eggs
61
Menstrual cycle
Cycle of shedding/regrowing endometrium
62
What is menstruation followed by?
Follicular phase
63
Follicular phase
Cells in ovaries called follicles develop into eggs, estrogen is released
64
Ovulation
Stage on menstrual cycle where egg is released into fallopian tube (occurs around day 14)
65
Fertile days
Ovulation and the days immediately proceeding it
66
Luteal phase
Latter half of cycle (named after corpus luteum)
67
Corpus luteum
Group of cells in ovary that block fallopian tube and secretes progesterone
68
What happens to corpus luteum if egg is unfertilized?
Degrades
69
Secondary sex characteristics
Sex features not part of reproduction, caused by sex hormones
70
Male secondary sex characteristics
Facial hair Body hair Pubic hair Larynx growth Oil production
71
Female secondary sex characteristics
Increased fat deposits (butt, hips, thighs) Body/pubic hair growth Breast enlargement

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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