Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Macromolecules that encode genetic material and direct gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 nucleic acids used by human cells

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 parts of nucleotides

A

Phosphate
Sugar
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pentose sugar

A

Sugar used in DNA and RNA
Contains 5 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sugar used in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sugar used in RNA

A

Ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Ribose has OH on carbon 2
Deoxy has H on carbon 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

C5 of each sugar bonds to phosphate molecule, and can react with OH group on C3 of another nucleotide sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond result in?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 DNA bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence of nucleotide bases in a single strand of nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 types bases can be divided into

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Purines

A

Large bases
Contain 2 rings

Adenine and Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Smaller bases
Contain only 1 ring

Thymine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Bases of 1 DNA strand bond to bases of another strand
Each base can only bond with its pairing

Purine must always bond to a Pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Types of bonds formed between bases
Hydrogen atom of 1 base is attracted to nitrogen/oxygen atom of another base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are hydrogen bonds stronger or weaker than ionic/covalent bonds?

A

Weaker (allows bonds to break with ease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What bases form 2 hydrogen bonds

A

Adenine and thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What bases form 3 hydrogen bonds

A

Cytosine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the secondary structure of DNA?

A

Complementary base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antiparallel

A

Sugar phosphate backbones face opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is sugar phosphate backbone hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Minor groove

A

Smallest groove within helix of DNA
Occurs where overlapping backbones are closest together

26
Q

Major groove

A

Occurs where gap btw backbones is greatest
Allows easy access for protein attachment

27
Q

Supercoiling

A

DNA attaches to histone proteins and spools up DNA like fishing rod to keep it compact in nucleus

28
Q

Chromatin

A

Combination of DNA and histone

29
Q

What is the 4th structure of DNA

A

Chromatin

30
Q

3 steps in DNA replication

A

Initiation
Elongation
Terminator

31
Q

What does DNA replication require?

A

Pre existing DNA
Free nucleotides
Enzymes

32
Q

Initiation and what does it involve

A

First step of DNA replication
Involves unwinding of double helix and breaking of hydrogen bonds

33
Q

What does topoisomerase do?

A

Unwinds double helix of DNA exposing nucleotide bases making it easier for enzymes to attach

34
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that breaks apart hydrogen bonds, separating the 2 strands

35
Q

Where does helicase attach to?

A

Origins of replication once helicase has unzipped strands

36
Q

Primers

A

Short sequence of RNA that serve as starting point for DNA synthesis

37
Q

Elongation

A

Second stage in DNA replication
New DNA strands are synthesized

38
Q

Semi conservative

A

Resulting DNA is a combination of parent strands and daughter strands

39
Q

How do free nucleotides temporarily attach to open DNA strands?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

40
Q

How does DNA polymerase synthesize daughter strands?

A

Fuses nucleotides together via sugar phosphate backbone

41
Q

Replication fork

A

Opening in DNA behind helicase

42
Q

Leading strand

A

Daughter strand in replication fork being synthesized in 5’ to 3’ direction

43
Q

Lagging strand

A

Daughter strand in replication fork being synthesized in 3’ to 5’ direction

44
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short sequences of lagging strand DNA

45
Q

What enzyme is used to fuse Okazaki fragments together?

A

Ligase

46
Q

What’s another job of DNA polymerase?

A

To proofread daughter strands as they are being produced

47
Q

What happens if DNA polymerase fails to catch when a wrong nucleotide is added?

A

Mutation

48
Q

Termination

A

Third and final stage in DNA replication
DNA copies are finalized and safe guarded from degradation

49
Q

Termination sites

A

Found along parent strands
Direct helicase and DNA polymerase to detach

50
Q

What do termination sites end in?

A

Replication fork

51
Q

What occurs before last nucleotide in DNA strand?

A

Termination sites

52
Q

What are the ends of chromosomes protected by?

A

Telomeres

53
Q

Telomeres

A

Long sequences of DNA that protect chromosome from damage

54
Q

What repeating sequence do human telomeres consist of?

A

TTAGGG

55
Q

When do telomeres add the repeating TTAGGG sequence?

A

After final replication fork

56
Q

What do telomeres lack?

A

The ability to code for proteins
Don’t contain any hereditary information

57
Q

What happens when telomeres are used up due to excessive replications?

A

Genetic information is lost severely impacting organism health

58
Q

What happens when telomeres are lost?

A

Chromosomes can no longer replicate

Can’t heal, grow or reproduce

59
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Number of times DNA can replicate before using up all its telomeres

60
Q

Senescence

A

Process of shortening your telomeres over time (cellular aging)

Biology 12 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions