Cell Structure Flashcards
Cell
Simplest unit of life found in all living things
4 things living things must be able to do
Grow
Obtain nutrients/excrete waste
Reproduce
Be responsive to their environment
Unicellular
Only contains one cell
Multicellular
Contain multiple genetically identical cells
Genetically identical
Contain same DNA
Multicellular organism cells can differ in what?
Shape size and function
Order of cellular organization
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in shape size function and capable of recognizing and sticking to eachother
Ex. of tissues
Stomach lining- tissue consisting of cells that resist acid and produce chemicals that help break down food
Organs
Groups of different tissues working together to perform a specialized function
Ex. Of organ
Heart- contains cardiac muscle tissue for movement, nervous tissue for timing and initiating contractions, and connective tissues for holding chambers together
Organ systems
Groups of organs that have related functions in body
Ex. Of organ systems
Lungs, trachea, and blood vessels work together to form respiratory system
Organelles
Structures inside a cell which perform necessary functions for cellular survival
Categorization of cells
-Cells
-Prokaryotic to bacteria
-Eukaryotic to animals and plants
Prokaryotic cells
Simplest cells lacking all membrane bound organelles
Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
Only organisms that contain prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells
Largest and most complex cells containing diversity of membrane bound organelles
Are animals and plants prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelle responsible for providing cell with energy
Cristae
Finger like projections caused due to folding of mitochondria’s inner membrane
What specializes in cellular respiration
Cristae
Cellular respiration
Process of deriving energy from broken down nutrients
Food particles are reacted with oxygen molecules at the Cristae producing water carbon dioxide and energy
What process produces water coat on dioxide and energy
Cellular respiration
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Basic unit of energy in all living things
What happens when a chemical reaction that requires energy occurs?
-Molecule ATP breaks one of its phosphate bonds which transfers energy
-when ATP used up, becomes ADP which returns to Cristae to have phosphate replenished
1/3 of energy from a sugar molecule gets converted into what?
ATP
2/3 of energy from a sugar molecule gets converted into what?
Heat
What is the only other human organelle besides nucleus to contain DNA?
Mitochondria
Which organelle used to be a free living bacteria?
Mitochondria
Endosymbiosis
One organism living with another
How are mitochondria inherited
From the mothers egg (reproduce separately)
Cytoplasm
Fluid contained in the cell outside of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Fluid contained inside of the nucleus
Nucleus
Organelle responsible for storing/protecting cells genetic information (DNA) and directing protein synthesis
Chromosomes
Coiled, threadlike structures where cell DNA is stored
Nuclear membrane
Double layered outer membrane of nucleus responsible for forming barrier between DNA and cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Series of membranous canals that emanate from nucleus and extend through cytoplasm
Space between 2 layers of the nuclear membrane
What does the ER allow?
Rapid transportation of materials throughout cell
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
ER covered in ribosomes giving bumpy texture under microscope
Allow for rapid production/secretion of proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
ER that lacks ribosomes giving smooth appearance under microscope
Responsible for producing lipids
Ribosomes (4 points)
Organelle responsible for producing proteins
Can be found attached to ER or suspended in cytoplasm
What is the smallest organelle that lacks membrane?
Ribosomes
What organelle is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
What do ribosomes on the RER make proteins for?
Outside of the cell
What do ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins for?
Inside of the cell
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi body
Membrane bound organelles responsible for packaging proteins/lipids to leave the cell
Lipids/proteins destined to leave the cell go from which organelle to which organelle
ER to Golgi body
What does the Golgi body do with received proteins/lipids?
Wraps them in membrane and attaches glycoproteins that allow them to pass through cell membrane
Glycoproteins
Molecules made up of protein/sugar
Lysosomes
Membrane bound organelles that move freely through cytoplasm
Use a combo of enzymes and free radicals to rip apart unwanted proteins
What 3 things do lysosomes do?
Recycle old cell parts, break down food particles and destroy pathogens
Pus
When cells are dying faster than body lysosomes can recycle dead parts and results in buildup
Cell membrane
Membranous envelope that surrounds cytoplasm, holds contents of cytoplasm in place and regulate transport in and out of cell
What organelle imports nutrients/excretes waste?
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Plant cell structure surrounding cell membrane
Provides shape/rigidity to cell
Made of cellulose
Vacuole
Large fluid filled sack in plant cell
Stores nutrients/water
Plastids
Organelles found in plant cell
Produce/store sugar molecules
