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Biology 12 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory system

A

Organ system responsible for gas exchange in the body

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2
Q

3 main gases being exchanged

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour

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3
Q

3 levels of respiration

A

Cellular
Internal
External

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Chemical reaction occurring at the cellular level
Oxygen and sugar react to produce water, carbon dioxide and ATP
Occurs in the mitochondria

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gas molecules across walls of capillaries
Transports oxygen from red blood cells to tissue and transports carbon dioxide in opposite direction

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6
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and air

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7
Q

2 sites of entry/exit of gases to/from body

A

Nasal cavities
Mouth

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8
Q

Pharynx

A

The central cavity where nasal cavities and mouth lead to

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9
Q

At the end of pharynx, what 2 directions can air go?

A

Trachea
Esophagus

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10
Q

Trachea

A

Large channel surrounded in cartilage rings which keeps it open

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11
Q

What part of the airway has no role in respiration?

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

Where does the trachea lead to?

A

Bronchi

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13
Q

Bronchi

A

The 2 main channels which lead to left and right lungs
Also uses rings of cartilage to keeps airway open

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14
Q

What do bronchi branch out into?

A

Bronchioles

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15
Q

What do bronchioles lack? What do they have in replacement?

A

Cartilage rings
Muscles that are capable of changing diameter

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16
Q

What is at the end of bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

Alveoli

A

Very tiny bulbs wrapped in capillaries where external respiration occurs

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18
Q

How does exchange proceeed?

A

According to difference in oxygen concentration between alveoli and red blood cells
High oxy concentration in alveoli + low oxy concentration in blood = diffusion of oxygen from higher to lower concentration (to the blood)

19
Q

What does hemoglobin produce when it binds to oxygen? Where does this molecule go?

A

Produces carbon dioxide
Travels out of blood and into alveoli

20
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide that doesn’t leave your bloodstream?

A

Dissolves into plasma and reacts with water to produce carbonic acid

21
Q

What does your body use to limit effects of carbonic acid or blood pH?

A

A buffer called bicarbonate

22
Q

Why is bicarbonate so important for the blood?

A

Bad pH can denature blood
Bicarbonate prevents this

23
Q

What happens when solid particles enter bronchioles?

A

Can cause scarring = prevents gas exchange or can block air flow

24
Q

Epiglottis

A

Important structure in keeping bronchioles free of solid debris

25
Q

Nasal hairs

A

Block solid particles from reaching pharynx through nasal cavities

26
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny, hair-like structures which line inside of nasal cavities, pharynx, and trachea

27
Q

Which direction do cilia sweep?

A

Towards the stomach

28
Q

Where do cilia in trachea sweep towards?

A

Pharynx

29
Q

What are cilia covered in?

A

Mucus

30
Q

Mucus

A

Traps solid particles, removing them from airways

31
Q

Breathing

A

Process of transporting air into and out of lungs

32
Q

What is breathing the result of?

A

Pressure differences between environment and thoracic cavity

33
Q

Pleural pressure

A

Air pressure in thoracic cavity

34
Q

Inspiration/inhalation

A

The inflation of lungs with air from the environment
Pleural pressure decreases, volume of thoracic cavity increases

35
Q

Expiration/exhalation

A

Pleural pressure increases, volume of thoracic cavity decreases, causing lungs to deflate and push air into environment

36
Q

What is pleural pressure controlled by?

A

Diaphragm

37
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities

38
Q

What happens when diaphragm is relaxed?

A

Forms an upwards arc that increases pleural pressure

39
Q

What happens when diaphragm contracts?

A

Flattens, decreasing pleural pressure and drawing air into lungs

40
Q

Hiccup

A

The rapid contraction and relaxation of diaphragm causing air to rapidly enter/re-exit the body

41
Q

Larynx

A

Contains 2 sheets of ligament which vibrate as air passes by them causing sound to be produced

42
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Trachea

43
Q

Vocal chords

A

The special sheets of ligaments in the larynx

44
Q

What decides the different sounds produced in vocal cords?

A

The tension of vocal cords

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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