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Biology 12 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

Responsible for sensing and responding to the environment

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2
Q

Where does the nervous system receive info from?

A

Receptor cells

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3
Q

What can receptor cells be activated by

A

Internal/external stimuli

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4
Q

Nervous system responds to stimuli by transmitting info to what effectors?

A

Mechanical/chemical effectors

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5
Q

Neurons

A

Primary cells of nervous system and biological basis for sensory/response

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6
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

Carry messages from rest of body to brain; allows us to sense environment

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7
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Carry messages from brain to rest of body; allows us to respond to environment

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Ends of neurons which receive chemical messages

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9
Q

Axons

A

End of neuron which send messages to other cells

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10
Q

Glial cells

A

Exist to support neurons; Pass nutrients from capillaries to neurons, trap bacteria/other particles and produce myelin

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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Layer of fatty tissue that surrounds axon; insulates electrochemical signal making nervous system more efficient

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12
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have myelin in your nervous system?

A

Signals would get lost and you would lose the ability to sense/respond to environment

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13
Q

What kind of signals do the dendrites receive?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory signals

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14
Q

Excitatory signals

A

Encourage dendrite to send a message

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15
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

Encourage dendrite to not send a message

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16
Q

Where is a message sent if excitatory signals exceed inhibitory signals?

A

Along the neuron

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17
Q

Synapse

A

The short gap between the dendrites and axons of separate neurons

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18
Q

What happens when an electrochemical signal reaches end of axon?

A

Causes release of neurotransmitters into synapse

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19
Q

Where do neurotransmitters go once released?

A

Jump across synapse and bind to receptor site on opposite dendrite

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20
Q

Electrochemical

A

The electrical signal is result of chemical differences across neurons cell membrane

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21
Q

What causes a negative voltage across cell membrane?

A

Resting neuron has more positive charge outside of cell than inside cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are the majority of positive charges?

A

Sodium ions

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23
Q

What does the net negative voltage result from?

A

Higher sodium and potassium concentration outside of measuring than inside

24
Q

Polarized neuron

A

Neuron in its resting state

25
Q

Activation of a neuron results in what?

A

Opening of sodium ion channels in cell membrane, allowing positive charged sodium to flood into neuron

26
Q

Depolarization

A

The movement of sodium ions into neuron causing the voltage to temporarily turn positive inside neuron

27
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump

A

Uses active transport to swap intercellular sodium ions with extracellular potassium ions

28
Q

What does sodium-potassium pump result in?

A

Repolarization of neuron

29
Q

What does the reversal of charge of a neuron trigger?

A

An action potential which moves down the neuron

30
Q

Refractory period

A

No new action potential can be initiated

31
Q

Central nervous system

A

Contains brain and spinal cord; receives and responds to sensory information

32
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all neurons located outside of central nervous system

33
Q

Where are neurons in the PNS packed into?

A

Nerves

34
Q

Nerves

A

Cords containing multiple axons bundled together

35
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS that controls voluntary muscle movement

36
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS that controls all involuntary actions in the body

37
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Controls response to stress (fight or flight response)

38
Q

What does the SNS increase?

A

Increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar and sweat
These actions increase energy, allowing you to deal with conflict

39
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Opposite effect of SNS, lowering heart rate and blood sugar causing you to conserve energy

40
Q

Endocrine system

A

Transmits chemical messages by releasing hormones instead of using nerves

41
Q

Where does the endocrine system send messages through?

A

Blood stream

42
Q

What are hormones released by?

A

Glands

43
Q

What system is located above the brain stem?

A

Limbic system

44
Q

What does the limbic system contain?

A

Pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

45
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Responsible for regulating body’s hormones

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

Responsible for making new memories out of experiences/facts

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

Creates muscle memory

48
Q

Amygdala

A

Controls fear and aggression, plays important role in sympathetic nervous system and how you respond to conflict

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connects part of brain responsible for thought (cerebrum) to pituitary gland

50
Q

What does this linkage between the cerebrum and pituitary glands do?

A

Hypothalamus can monitor body chemistry and thoughts; can order pituitary gland to activate appropriate hormones

51
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter most commonly used by hypothalamus

52
Q

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

A

Largest brain structure for humans; thought centre for brain where sensory info is interpreted

53
Q

What lobes are contained within the cerebrum?

A

Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe

54
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Specializes in sensing touch

55
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Specializes in vision

56
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Specializes in hearing

57
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Specializes in thought/reasoning

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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