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Biology 12 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 things do cells divide for?

A

To grow heal or reproduce an organism

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2
Q

Sex cells

A

Cells used for reproduction

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3
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

1 set of chromosomes (23)
Can be referred to as haploid cells

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4
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cells not used for reproduction

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5
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

2 sets of chromosomes (46)
Can be referred to as diploid cells

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear replication

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7
Q

4 steps of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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8
Q

Prophase

A

-Preparation stage for nuclear division
-Chromosomes condense out of nucleoplasm
-centrioles move to opposite ends and act as attachment site for spindle fibres

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9
Q

Chromatids

A

Strands of DNA and attached protein

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Point where chromatids join

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11
Q

What stage does the nuclear membrane dissolve?

A

Prophase

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12
Q

Centrioles are only found in animal cells true or false?

A

True

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis
Chromatids prepare to be separated and divided
Gather at the centre line of the cell (equatorial plane)

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis where genetic information is divided and sorted to opposite end of cell
Centromeres detach resulting in separated chromosome pairs

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15
Q

What do centrioles work with spindle fibres to do?

A

Make sure each end of cell receives equal number of chromosomes as well as one of each chromosome

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16
Q

Telophase

A

Final step of nuclear division where new nuclei are formed in prep for cell division

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17
Q

When do nuclear membranes start to form around chromosomes?

A

Telophase

18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Movement of cytoplasm and organelles

19
Q

Contractile rings

A

Causes cell membrane to contract and narrow at centre of cell

20
Q

What happens when the contractile ring closes?

A

Pinches at the centre resulting in 2 daughter cells

21
Q

The 3 stages of interphase

A

First growth stage
Synthesis stage
Second growth stage

22
Q

First growth stage

A

Cell grows and performs it’s normal functions
Longest stage

23
Q

S stage (synthesis)

A

Cells first prep for mitosis and cell division
Amount of DNA doubles

24
Q

Second growth stage

A

Cell grows until it is large enough for cell division
A lot of protein synthesis in this stage

25
Q

What is located at the end of each growth stage in interphase?

A

Checkpoint

26
Q

G1 checkpoint proteins

A

Ensure cells have sufficient size and amount of nutrients

27
Q

In order to exit G1 checkpoint protein cell must recieve what?

A

Signal from outside of cell

28
Q

G2 checkpoint protein

A

Ensure cell doesn’t enter M phase until DNA damage inspection is complete

29
Q

Cells that follow a diploid cell cycle

A

Somatic cells

30
Q

What are sex cells also called?

A

Gametes

31
Q

How are sex cells produced?

A

Meiosis

32
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Meiosis contains a second nuclear division

33
Q

Prior to second cell division in meiosis what process happens?

A

Genetic recombination

34
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Process where sister chromosomes exchange DNA to increase genetic variation

35
Q

Tumours

A

Cells that grow at a uncontrolled rate

36
Q

Benign tumors

A

Tumors that are localized

37
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Tumors that invade surrounding tissue or spread throughout body

Also known as tumors

38
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of malignant cells throughout body resulting in tumors

39
Q

How is all cancer caused?

A

Genetic changes to a cell
Genetic changes change cell cycle resulting in too much cell division

40
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that has potential to make cell cancerous

41
Q

What 4 factors can trigger an oncogene?

A

Mutation during DNA replication
Mutation due to a carcinogen
Mutation or damage due to radiation
DNA inserted by a virus (HPV)

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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