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Biology 12 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Process of creating new proteins

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2
Q

Where are the instructions for synthesizing proteins found?

A

DNA

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3
Q

Genes

A

Sequences of DNA that code for protein

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4
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in what 2 stages?

A

Transcription
Translation

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5
Q

Transcription

A

First stage of protein synthesis; DNA template carrying protein is transcribed into mRNA

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6
Q

What does the enzyme RNA polymerase attach to?

A

Promoter

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7
Q

Promoter

A

Beginning region of gene that allows for protein attachment

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8
Q

TATA box

A

Promoter sequence so common that it has been given special name (found in 25% human genes)

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9
Q

What does RNA have in place of thymine?

A

Uracil

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10
Q

Uracil

A

Identical to thymine but uses extra methyl group on its base

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11
Q

How does RNA polymerase join RNA nucleotides together?

A

By forming sugar-phosphate backbone

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12
Q

What is added to first RNA nucleotide to prevent degradation?

A

5’ cap

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13
Q

Poly (A) tail and what 2 things does it do?

A

Long string of adenosine nucleotides
Protects RNA from being degraded at 3’ end and allows for transport across nuclear envelope

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14
Q

Polyadenylation

A

Process of adding a poly (A) tail

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15
Q

Once an RNA strand has formed what breaks the DNA-RNA hydrogen bonds?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

mRNA

A

Transports protein instructions from nucleus to cytoplasm

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17
Q

What happens to mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

A

RNA splicing

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18
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removes introns leaving behind exons

Exons are spliced together to form final translated form of mRNA

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19
Q

Where does RNA splicing occur?

A

Spliceosomes

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20
Q

Spliceosomes

A

Molecules containing combo of RNA and protein located inside nucleus

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21
Q

Introns

A

Sequences that don’t get converted into proteins

22
Q

Exons

A

Sequences that code for protein

23
Q

Translation

A

Second and final stage of protein synthesis mRNA code is used to make new protein

24
Q

What is the ribosome responsible for?

A

Performing translation

25
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Inside cytoplasm or along rough ER

26
Q

Composition of ribosomes

A

1/3 protein
2/3 rRNA

27
Q

2 subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

40s subunit
60s subunit

28
Q

Job of 40s subunit

A

Attached to and reads mRNA

29
Q

Job of the 40s subunit

A

Attached to and reads mRNA

30
Q

Job of 60s subunit

A

Recruits tRNA and amino acids

31
Q

mRNA enters the ribosome through which side?

A

40s 5’ side first

32
Q

Codon

A

3-letter sequence of mRNA

33
Q

Is the first start codon always AUG?

A

YES

34
Q

What amino acid does AUG code for?

A

Methionine

35
Q

5’ untranslated region

A

Everything before the start codon

36
Q

3’ untranslated region

A

Everything in between stop codon and poly (A) tail

37
Q

Which region in an mRNA sequence contains the exons?

A

Coding region

38
Q

4 steps of protein synthesis in translation

A

-60s recruits tRNA
-once in ribosome, tRNA transfer the amino acid to the growing polypeptide
-Proteins are synthesized from N terminus to C terminus
-Once stop codon is reached ribosome detaches and new protein is released to cytoplasm

39
Q

How many amino acids are used by humans?

A

20

40
Q

What do amino acids differ in?

A

R group

41
Q

What 5 things does amino acid composition affect?

A

Shape
Hydrophobicity
Charge
Solubility
Enzymatic abilities

42
Q

What is the first amino acid in every protein?

A

Methionine

43
Q

How many essential amino acids can’t be coded in our body and where do we get them from?

A

8
Acquired through protein in our diet

44
Q

How can mutations be classified? (6 points)

A

-Whether they help, harm or have no effect on organism
-Whether a nucleotide is added, removed or changed

45
Q

Missence mutations

A

Substitution mutations where change in nucleotide alters one of the amino acids in a protein

46
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Substitution mutations where new nucleotide causes amino acids to be replaced by a stop codon

47
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Insertion or deletion mutations that cause all subsequent amino acids to be altered

48
Q

Gene expression not only controlled by genes, what else is it caused by?

A

Both genetics and environment

49
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how gene expression is altered through factors other than DNA code

50
Q

What is the most common way gene expression is decreased?

A

Methylation

51
Q

Methylation

A

Process of adding methyl group to DNA so RNA polymerase can’t easily attach

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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