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Biology 12 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

4 main classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Are the 4 macromolecules polymers or monomers?

A

Polymers

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3
Q

Polymer

A

Made up of similar repeating subunits

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4
Q

Monomers

A

Simplest unit that makes up a polymer

Think of them like Lego: 1 block = monomer

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Macromolecules used as body’s primary source of energy

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6
Q

What are the monomers of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

The 3 types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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8
Q

What do monosaccharides combine to form?

A

Disaccharides

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9
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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10
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbs containing more than 2 sugars

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11
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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12
Q

What are the 3 ways we can recognize carbs?

A

Carbon-carbon backbone
Repeating ring structures
End in suffix “ose”

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13
Q

What’s the only molecule that can be used by Cristae of mitochondria?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

The body stores excess blood glucose in cells as what?

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide containing repeating glucose units

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16
Q

How is glycogen formed?

A

By fusing 2 hydroxyl (OH) groups from neighbouring glucose molecules releasing water as a product

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Process of creating a polymer by losing water

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18
Q

What process does glycogen undergo when broken up into single glucose molecules when blood is low on glucose?

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Process where molecule is broken apart by reacting with water

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20
Q

Difference between synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Hydrolysis-molecule is broken apart by water
Synthesis-creating polymer by losing water

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21
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecules used to provide structure and speed up chemical reactions in the body

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22
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers of proteins

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23
Q

How do amino acids bond?

A

Through peptide bonds (formed through dehydration synthesis)

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24
Q

Polypeptide

A

Group of connected amino acids

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25
Q

How do amino acids connect?

A

Peptide bonds join amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of another amino acid

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26
Q

3 different amino acid groups

A

Amino group
Carboxylic acid group
Variable side chain

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27
Q

What does each amino acid differ in?

A

Variable side chain

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28
Q

What is protein function dependent on?

A

Shape

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29
Q

Denatured

A

When protein shape is changed in way that reduces functionality

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30
Q

Coagulation

A

Process of irreversibly denaturing a protein

Ex. Cooking

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31
Q

How can proteins be denatured?

A

Temperature
Changes in PH

32
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins responsible for performing chemical reactions in the body

33
Q

Homeostasis

A

The “normal” state for the body

34
Q

What happens when the body moves away from homeostasis?

A

Proteins become denatured and experienced reduced function

35
Q

Active site

A

Location on enzyme where chemical reaction occurs

36
Q

Substrate

A

The reactants of an enzymatic reaction

37
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic (non-carbon) helper molecules

38
Q

Examples of cofactors

A

Iron and zinc

39
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic (carbon-based) helper molecules

Ex. Vitamins

40
Q

Enzymic activity increases and decreases with what?

A

Increases with substrate concentration
Decreases with feedback inhibition

41
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Too much product blocks substrate from attaching to active site

42
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Decreases enzymic activity by filling active site w/ inhibitors

43
Q

Inhibitors

A

Molecules which mimic shape of a substrate

44
Q

Buffers

A

Chemical pairs that prevent large changes in PH

45
Q

What do buffer pairs neutralize?

A

Acids and bases

46
Q

Lipids

A

Macromolecules used for energy storage, insulation, and hormone synthesis

They are insoluble and immiscible

47
Q

What do polar molecules contain?

A

Partially positive end
Partially negative end

48
Q

When polar molecules interact with water, what do the partial negative ends do?

A

Bind to partial positives of water

49
Q

Fats

A

Lipids that are solid at room temp

50
Q

Oils

A

Lipids that are liquid at room temp

51
Q

What 2 monomers are lipids composed of?

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids

52
Q

Triglycerides

A

Simplest lipids; contain 1 glycerol/ 3 fatty acids

53
Q

What are triglycerides formed through?

A

Dehydration synthesis

54
Q

Phospholipids

A

One of the fatty acids have been replaced by a phosphate group

55
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

When 2 sheets of phospholipids form together

56
Q

Why are phosphate heads hydrophilic?

A

Polar and interact with water molecules

57
Q

Why are fatty acid tails hydrophobic?

A

Non polar and don’t interact with water

58
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement across membrane without use of energy

59
Q

2 forms of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Osmosis

60
Q

Diffusion and Ex.

A

Movement of substance from high to low concentration

Ex. Food dye in water

61
Q

3 molecules that use diffusion to cross cell membrane

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Urea

62
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

63
Q

Tonicity

A

Creation of dissolved molecules in water

64
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Have same solute concentrations as inside of cell

65
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Have lower solute concentration than inside of cell

66
Q

What do the water molecules in hypotonic solutions do?

A

Move into cell causing expansion and possible bursting of cell

67
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Higher solute concentration than inside cell

68
Q

What do water molecules in hypertonic solutions do?

A

Move from cell of hypertonic solution causing cell to shrink/shrivel

69
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles across membrane with use of energy

70
Q

When is active transport required

A

-If molecules are being transported across concentration gradient
-If molecule is too large to move by itself

Often requires carrier proteins to help transport

71
Q

For every large molecule, the cell membrane must form what organelle

A

Vacuoles

72
Q

How are the vacuoles formed?

A

Folding cell membrane around target molecules, then detaching new formed product

73
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of cellular materials by forming external vacuole

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

Intake of large particles by forming vacuole along cell membrane

75
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of liquid particles (often lipids)

76
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of solid particles

Biology 12 (10 decks)

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