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Embryology > Urogenital > Flashcards

Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

Urogenital Development

A

Urinary and genital development are closely linked. Structures in one system are used in the other.

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Urine forming organs. Maintain stable blood composition. Filters contents of blood. Excretes unneeded contents. Reabsorbs needed contents.

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3
Q

Kidney Formation Stages

A

Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros

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4
Q

Pronephros

A

1st stage, non-functional in humans, mostly degenerates.

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5
Q

Mesonephros

A

2nd stage, temporarily functions as kidneys, doesn’t concentrate urine.

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6
Q

Mesonephric tubules

A

Short tubes that receive filtered blood and drain to mesonephric duct.

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7
Q

Mesonephric ducts

A

long tubes of the mesonephros. Drain to bladder.

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8
Q

metanephros

A

final stage. Concentrates urine (to conserve water), grows off of the mesonephros

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9
Q

primary sex determination

A

formation of the primary sex organs

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10
Q

Secondary sex determination

A

formation of th secondary sex organs. Promoted by hormones of primary sex organs

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11
Q

Gonadal ridge

A

bulge on mesonephros. Forms testes or ovaries. Y promotes testis.

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12
Q

Mesonephric tubules development

A

Either form rete testis and seminiferous tubules, or Degenerate into ovary

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13
Q

Mesonephric duct development

A

Degenerate in females, or become epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct in males.

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14
Q

Paramesonephric duct development

A

degenerate in males if stimulated by Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), or form uterine tubes.

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15
Q

Indifferent external geitalia

A

external genitalia before secondary sex determination. Lack of testosterone forms female genitalia (ovaries not needed)

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16
Q

Effect of testosterone on indifferent external genitalia

A

Promotes development of male genitalia, causes testes to descend into scrotum, comes from testes.

17
Q

Intersex conditions

A

conditions where sex of gonads does not match external genitalia.

18
Q

types of intersex conditions

A

male pseudohermaphroditism (Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)/testicular feminication syndrome), Female pseudohermaphroditism, true hermaphroditism

19
Q

Male pseudohermaphroditism

A

A person with testes, but feminized genitalia. Caused my low testosterone and low MIS. Fetal testes produce insufficient amounts.

20
Q

Degree of feminization of internal/external structures in male pseudohermaphroditism

A

Varies depending on the amount of testosterone and MIS produced

21
Q

Female pseudohermaphroditism

A

A person with ovaries, but masculinized genitalia. Caused by excessive exposure to androgens (male sex hormone). Ovaries are normal, internal genitalia are usually feminine.

22
Q

Female Pseudohermaphroditism abnormalities

A

Clitoris enlarges, Labia fuse.

23
Q

True Hermaphroditism

A

A person with ovarian and testicular tissue. Both tissues may be in one organ, or in separate ones.(One ovary, one testis)

24
Q

Ovotestis

A

An organ with both ovarian and testicular tissue.

25
Q

Causes of true hermaphroditism

A

Pieces of Y-chromosome on an X-chromosome, fusion of early male and female embryos, Abnormal chromosomal seperation

26
Q

True Hermaphroditism from y chromosome piece

A

x-chromosome inactivation causes some cells to use x-chromosome with y piece, and some to use a normal one.

27
Q

True Hermaphroditism from early fusion

A

One embryo uses the cells of the other embryo (which kills one), Cells from the original male/female may be used for different gonads.

28
Q

True Hermaphroditism from abnormal chromosomal seperation

A

Sperm delivers X and Y, only one X is copied, zygote divides into XX and XY.

29
Q

True Hermaphroditism abnormalities

A

Gonads are usually nonfunctional, external genitalia are ambiguous

30
Q

Androgen insensitivity Syndrome

A

A person with testes who appears externally female. Caused by insensitivity to testosterone. Production is normal, response to MIS is normal.

31
Q

AIS abnormalities

A

Undescended, sterile testes, external female development(mammary glands, no womb or uterine tubes, no menstruation)

Embryology (22 decks)

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