Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Self renewal

A

ability to copy itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Potency

A

ability to change into other types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

normal self-renewal

A

cells can divide a limited number of times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

immorality

A

the ability to self-renew indefinitely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

totipotent

A

can become all cell types including extraembryonic membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pluripotent

A

can become all cells in the adult body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

multipotent

A

can become multiple cell types. Usually from only one germ layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiation

A

a change from one cell type to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Potency of children

A

generally decreases as cells differentiate. More developed organisms generally have more differentiated cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stem cell applications

A

study of developmental processes, tissue engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

study of developmental processes

A

zygote is first stem cell. Reveals how cells in body develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tissue engineering

A

formation of engineered tissues. Stem cells can be used to make new tissues. Tissues can be used to replace organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)

A

cells are removed from inner cell mass. Kills the blastocyst. Often “extra” embryos from IVF are used. Immortal, pluripotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Immortality + pluripotency

A

provides an unlimited cell source, potential therapies for unlimited patients. Provided any cell potential in the body, potential therapies for any part in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fetal Stem Cells

A

Sometimes improperly refers to fetal cells that are not stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fetal Proper Stem Cells (FpSC)

A

tissue from fetus proper. Generally obtained after an abortion. References to fetal stem cells that are accurate usually refer to these. Not immortal, but high level of division. Multipotent.

17
Q

Extrafetal Stem Cells (eFSC)

A

extraembryonic membranes (umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, etc.) Often not distinguished from adult stems cells, usually acquired soon after birth, tissue is thrown away, abundant untapped cell source. High level of cell division, pluripotent.

18
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

tissue and fluids from adults or earlier; generally obtained after birth. Not immortal, multipotent.

19
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

A

a cell from the body that has been “reprogrammed”. Immortal, pluripotent

20
Q

Advantages of iPSC

A

All adult cell types, early developmental models, wide support

21
Q

What definitely produces all adult cell types?

A

ESCs, iPSCs. Have been directly shown to contribute to all tissues of an organism, confirmed through tetraploid complementation assays

22
Q

What probably produces all adult cell types?

A

eFSCs. Can create cells of all three major tissue types. Possess pluripotency markers.

23
Q

What probably doesn’t produce all adult cell types?

A

ASCs, FpSCs. May be “pluripotent” as a population. It may be possible to get any cell type if the correct stem cell is used. Individual cells are multipotent. Not all cell types are obtained from a single source.

24
Q

CIRM

A

$3,000,000,000 (billion) California tax dollars. Designed to fund embryonic stem cell research.

25
Q

Early developmental models

A

some cells can be used to investigate how the body grows/develops before birth. Useful in developmental models: ESCs, FpSCs, eFSs, iPSCs. Can provide cells from relatively early developmental stages. Not useful in developmental models:ASCs.

26
Q

Wide Support

A

some people may reject treatments that they have ethical objections to. Are treatments that half of the population would be unconfortable using prudent? Wide support: eFSCs, ASCs, iPSCs. Challenged: ESCs, FpSCs

27
Q

Significant disadvantages

A

tumors, immune rejection, pluripotency

28
Q

tumors

A

some stem cells form tumors when implanted into the body. Pluripotency is linked to tumor formation.

29
Q

tumor formation

A

ESCs, PfSCs, iPSCs. FpSCs from tumors despite multipotency.

30
Q

no tumors

A

eFSCs, ASCs. eFSCs avoid tumor creation despite pluripotency.

31
Q

Immune Rejection

A

the body attacks non-native cells. Treatments that don’t use the body’s own cells require suppression of the immune system.

32
Q

Immune rejection

A

ESCs, FpSCs. Cells must come from a non-native source.

33
Q

No immune rejection

A

eFSCs, ASCs, iPSCs. Cells can be taken from patient that they are used to treat. eFSCs and ASCs may not be rejected even if used from a non-native source.

34
Q

cloning

A

direct reprogramming is superior to cloning for the purposes of creating patient matched cells. He is abandoning cloning and focusing on direct reprogramming.

35
Q

problems with pluripotency

A

makes it difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed. Not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly. Undifferentiated or improperly differentiated cells can create tissues other than the desired type.

36
Q

Geron

A

Funded first human embryonic stem cell isolation. Leader in the embryonic stem cell field.

37
Q

Treatments

A

what has already helped some patients

38
Q

Clinical trials

A

treatments being tested for safety/efficacy

39
Q

research papers

A

what has a chance of working in the future. What is being investigated for future applications.

Embryology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions