Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Flashcards

1
Q

UTIs are more common in _______.

A

females.

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2
Q

UTIs are the most common type of ___________ infection.

A

nosocomial.

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3
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Infection of the urethra.

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4
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Infection of the urinary bladder.

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5
Q

What is ureteritis?

A

Infection of the ureters.

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6
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection of the kidney.

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7
Q

Urine normally has a ___ pH and is ______.

A

low; sterile.

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of UTIs?

A

E. coli.

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9
Q

What are 3 symptoms of lower UTIs?

A

Painful urination (dysuria).
Increased urgency/frequency or urination.
Cloudy urine due to WBCs (pyuria) or bacteria (bacteriuria) in urine.

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10
Q

Cather-related lower UTI infections are usually _____________.

A

asymptomatic.

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11
Q

What are 2 unique symptoms that may occur in an upper UTI infection?

A

Fever.

Back pain.

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12
Q

How do we diagnose asymptomatic UTI?

A

Bacteriuria: presence of significant numbers of bacteria.

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13
Q

Why are asymptomatic UTIs dangerous if undiagnosed/untreated?

A

Can cause complications/scarring.

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14
Q

Which demographics are particularly susceptible to complications or scarring?

A

Young children & pregnant women.

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15
Q

What are 5 exceptions to the standard for what we’d consider “significant bacteriuria”?

A
Catheterized patients.
Infants.
Immunosuppressed.
Urine that has been in the bladder for <4 hours.
Infections with S. saprophyticus.
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16
Q

Why are catheterized patients especially susceptible to UTIs?

A

The catheter can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract if not sterile.
There are many points of contact between the catheter and the urinary tract where biofilms can form and spread bacteria.

17
Q

Why is it hard for us to collect “good specimens” from young children or infants?

A

There is often fecal flora around the urinary tract because of diapers.

18
Q

How should we take “good specimens” from infants or young children?

A

Supra-pubic aspiration: drawing urine directly from the bladder.

19
Q

How do E. coli attach to the urinary tract?

A

P-fimbriae attach to uroepithelial cells.

20
Q

Describe the Gram morphology & characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

A

G+ cocci that lacks coagulase and is novobiocin resistant.

21
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is notorious for causing infections in:

A

healthy young women.

22
Q

Describe the Gram morphology and grouping of Streptococcus agalactiae.

A

G+ cocci in chains.
“Group B Strep”.
Beta-hemolytic on BAP.

23
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae is particularly important for infections of:

A

pregnant women.

24
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae can cause neonatal (3):

A

meningitis, sepsis & respiratory failure.

25
Q

Describe the Gram morphology of Enterococcus faecalis/faecium?

A

G+ elongated cocci, often in short chains or pairs.

26
Q

Enterococcus faecalis/faecium is unique because it is ____ & ____ resistant.

A

bile & salt.

27
Q

What should you do if the urine sample you took cannot be sent to the lab immediately?

A

Keep it in the fridge.

28
Q

Describe how to take a proper urine sample from a non-catheterized patient.

A

Mid-stream sample (MSU) in a sterile container, ideally 4 hours after the last urination.

29
Q

How do we collect urine samples from a catheterized patient?

A

Withdraw from the tube with a syringe.

30
Q

If a urine esterase dip-stick test comes back positive, what does it indicate and why?

A

Positive = presence of WBCs = infection.

Urine esterase is produced by neutrophils, so if there is some in the urine then neutrophils are attacking something!