Cardiovascular and Lymph Infection Flashcards
What are the three types of cardiovascular infection?
blood
heart values and heart
vessel walls
What’s the relationship between cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
If lymph gets infected, the bloodstream will also get infected. (very easily)
What are the three types of systemic blood infection?
- bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
- septicemia/sepsis: serious bloodstream infection
- septic/ septic shock: serious when caused by gram-negative bacteria due to LPS, aka endotoxic shock)
Bacteria get into the blood/lymph by ___ lines of defense.
First lines of defense.
e.g. oral surgery, catheter, etc.
What is the most common organism found in positive blood cultures?
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia can lead to (4)?
- WBC clears itself
- causes focal infection
- sepsis
- septic shock
What three systems does endotoxin activate?
- macrophages
- complement system
- clotting system
Activation of the clotting system by endotoxin can lead to?
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- lower clotting proteins, tissue damage from clots
–> hemorrhage
Activation of the complement system by endotoxin can lead to?
Release of complement products
- PMN to lungs, the release of lysosomal contents from PMNL, increased capillary leakage of plasma
–> damage to lung tissue
Activation of macrophages by endotoxin can lead to?
Release of cytokines
- fever, PMN adhesiveness, higher leakage of plasma from blood vessels
–> shock, reduced oxygen exchange
What do you call infection of valves with bacteria in the bloodstream?
sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
symptoms of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
heart murmur, develops slowly, fever, weakness
what type of bacteria is more likely to cause subacute bacterial endocarditis?
alpha-hemolytic streptococci
what do you call “rapidly” progressive damage to heart valves?
acute bacterial endocarditis
How do people get acute bacterial endocarditis?
What type of bacteria is more likely to cause acute bacterial endocarditis?
often occur after the wound from open-heart surgery is contaminated
S. aureus or pyogenic bacteria
how do you call inflammation of the heart sac?
pericarditis
what type of bacteria is more likely to cause pericarditis?
S. pyogenes, can also be viruses (e.g. coxsackievirus)
Which of the following organisms could likely be found in the vegetations on heart valves in cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus faecalis
Streptococcus faecalis
atherosclerosis is predisposed by?
a multiple-pathogen load
how do you call inflammation of the lymphatic channels?
Lymphangitis
What are the functions of the spleen?
remove contaminants and cells
site of the production of opsonizing antibodies
What causes can lead to splenectomy?
trauma and damage, thrombocytopenia
Patients without a spleen are susceptible to what kind of organisms? How can they prevent?
“encapsulated” organism (e.g. Septicemia with S. pneumoniae)
- vaccine before splenectomy
- antibiotic prophylaxis
Borrelia burgdorferi causes?
Lyme Disease
A major sign of Lyme disease?
erythema migrans
How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?
ticks; take 24 hours to transfer; live on mice
Yersinia pestis causes?
Plague, aka Black Death
what are the two symptoms of Plague? What one has higher mortality?
pneumonic (higher 100%) and bubonic (lower 50-80%)
How is pneumonic plague transmitted?
human to human
How is bubonic transmitted?
rat
Pasteurella multocida is mainly caused by?
cat bites
Do you need immediate treatment for Pasteurella multocida?
yes, need treatment with antibiotic
–> or else may lead to sepsis and septic shock
Most of the viral hemorrhagic fevers are _____ disease.
zoonotic
Viral hemorrhagic fevers have symptoms like fever, headache, and then followed by____.
jaundice (liver damage)
Yellow fever is transmitted by?
Aedes mosquitoes
Symptoms of yellow fever include? What is the treatment?
hepatic, renal, myocardial injury, hemorrhage, high death rate (20%)
no antiviral, but a live attenuated vaccine is available
___ are natural reservoirs of yellow fever
Monkeys
Yellow fever is transmitted by?
Aedes mosquitoes
Symptoms of dengue fever include?
milder than yellow fever but similar symptoms; “breakbone fever”
What is Dengue hemorrhagic fever? how is it more severe than DF?
- when the person is infected by another type of DF within 2 years of the first infection
- causes shock within hours
Do many people get symptoms when having Zika virus? What is the treatment?
Nope; only 20% get; milder in non-pregnant individuals; no vaccine & no antiviral
Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly are linked with what virus?
Zika virus
Ebola virus is transmitted by? endemic in?
direct contact with body fluids; Africa
What is the treatment for Ebola virus?
aggressive supportive treatment (IV fluids); NO CURE
Ebola virus is primarily ____ infection.
GI
Disease Symptoms of Ebola virus
- fever, headache, myalgia, etc. (signs are pretty common that they could also be other diseases)
- 23-88% fatal
