Cardiovascular and Lymph Infection Flashcards
What are the three types of cardiovascular infection?
blood
heart values and heart
vessel walls
What’s the relationship between cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
If lymph gets infected, the bloodstream will also get infected. (very easily)
What are the three types of systemic blood infection?
- bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
- septicemia/sepsis: serious bloodstream infection
- septic/ septic shock: serious when caused by gram-negative bacteria due to LPS, aka endotoxic shock)
Bacteria get into the blood/lymph by ___ lines of defense.
First lines of defense.
e.g. oral surgery, catheter, etc.
What is the most common organism found in positive blood cultures?
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia can lead to (4)?
- WBC clears itself
- causes focal infection
- sepsis
- septic shock
What three systems does endotoxin activate?
- macrophages
- complement system
- clotting system
Activation of the clotting system by endotoxin can lead to?
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- lower clotting proteins, tissue damage from clots
–> hemorrhage
Activation of the complement system by endotoxin can lead to?
Release of complement products
- PMN to lungs, the release of lysosomal contents from PMNL, increased capillary leakage of plasma
–> damage to lung tissue
Activation of macrophages by endotoxin can lead to?
Release of cytokines
- fever, PMN adhesiveness, higher leakage of plasma from blood vessels
–> shock, reduced oxygen exchange
What do you call infection of valves with bacteria in the bloodstream?
sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
symptoms of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
heart murmur, develops slowly, fever, weakness
what type of bacteria is more likely to cause subacute bacterial endocarditis?
alpha-hemolytic streptococci
what do you call “rapidly” progressive damage to heart valves?
acute bacterial endocarditis
How do people get acute bacterial endocarditis?
What type of bacteria is more likely to cause acute bacterial endocarditis?
often occur after the wound from open-heart surgery is contaminated
S. aureus or pyogenic bacteria
how do you call inflammation of the heart sac?
pericarditis
what type of bacteria is more likely to cause pericarditis?
S. pyogenes, can also be viruses (e.g. coxsackievirus)
Which of the following organisms could likely be found in the vegetations on heart valves in cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis?
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus faecalis
Streptococcus faecalis
atherosclerosis is predisposed by?
a multiple-pathogen load
how do you call inflammation of the lymphatic channels?
Lymphangitis
What are the functions of the spleen?
remove contaminants and cells
site of the production of opsonizing antibodies
What causes can lead to splenectomy?
trauma and damage, thrombocytopenia
Patients without a spleen are susceptible to what kind of organisms? How can they prevent?
“encapsulated” organism (e.g. Septicemia with S. pneumoniae)
- vaccine before splenectomy
- antibiotic prophylaxis
Borrelia burgdorferi causes?
Lyme Disease
