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MMI 133 > Cardiovascular and Lymph Infection > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Lymph Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cardiovascular infection?

A

blood
heart values and heart
vessel walls

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2
Q

What’s the relationship between cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

A

If lymph gets infected, the bloodstream will also get infected. (very easily)

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3
Q

What are the three types of systemic blood infection?

A
  • bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
  • septicemia/sepsis: serious bloodstream infection
  • septic/ septic shock: serious when caused by gram-negative bacteria due to LPS, aka endotoxic shock)
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4
Q

Bacteria get into the blood/lymph by ___ lines of defense.

A

First lines of defense.

e.g. oral surgery, catheter, etc.

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5
Q

What is the most common organism found in positive blood cultures?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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6
Q

Bacteremia can lead to (4)?

A
  1. WBC clears itself
  2. causes focal infection
  3. sepsis
  4. septic shock
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7
Q

What three systems does endotoxin activate?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. complement system
  3. clotting system
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8
Q

Activation of the clotting system by endotoxin can lead to?

A

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- lower clotting proteins, tissue damage from clots

–> hemorrhage

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9
Q

Activation of the complement system by endotoxin can lead to?

A

Release of complement products
- PMN to lungs, the release of lysosomal contents from PMNL, increased capillary leakage of plasma

–> damage to lung tissue

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10
Q

Activation of macrophages by endotoxin can lead to?

A

Release of cytokines
- fever, PMN adhesiveness, higher leakage of plasma from blood vessels

–> shock, reduced oxygen exchange

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11
Q

What do you call infection of valves with bacteria in the bloodstream?

A

sub-acute bacterial endocarditis

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12
Q

symptoms of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis

A

heart murmur, develops slowly, fever, weakness

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13
Q

what type of bacteria is more likely to cause subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

alpha-hemolytic streptococci

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14
Q

what do you call “rapidly” progressive damage to heart valves?

A

acute bacterial endocarditis

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15
Q

How do people get acute bacterial endocarditis?

What type of bacteria is more likely to cause acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

often occur after the wound from open-heart surgery is contaminated
S. aureus or pyogenic bacteria

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16
Q

how do you call inflammation of the heart sac?

A

pericarditis

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17
Q

what type of bacteria is more likely to cause pericarditis?

A

S. pyogenes, can also be viruses (e.g. coxsackievirus)

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18
Q

Which of the following organisms could likely be found in the vegetations on heart valves in cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus faecalis
A

Streptococcus faecalis

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19
Q

atherosclerosis is predisposed by?

A

a multiple-pathogen load

20
Q

how do you call inflammation of the lymphatic channels?

A

Lymphangitis

21
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

remove contaminants and cells

site of the production of opsonizing antibodies

22
Q

What causes can lead to splenectomy?

A

trauma and damage, thrombocytopenia

23
Q

Patients without a spleen are susceptible to what kind of organisms? How can they prevent?

A

“encapsulated” organism (e.g. Septicemia with S. pneumoniae)

  • vaccine before splenectomy
  • antibiotic prophylaxis
24
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes?

A

Lyme Disease

25
Q

A major sign of Lyme disease?

A

erythema migrans

26
Q

How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?

A

ticks; take 24 hours to transfer; live on mice

27
Q

Yersinia pestis causes?

A

Plague, aka Black Death

28
Q

what are the two symptoms of Plague? What one has higher mortality?

A

pneumonic (higher 100%) and bubonic (lower 50-80%)

29
Q

How is pneumonic plague transmitted?

A

human to human

30
Q

How is bubonic transmitted?

A

rat

31
Q

Pasteurella multocida is mainly caused by?

A

cat bites

32
Q

Do you need immediate treatment for Pasteurella multocida?

A

yes, need treatment with antibiotic

–> or else may lead to sepsis and septic shock

33
Q

Most of the viral hemorrhagic fevers are _____ disease.

A

zoonotic

34
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers have symptoms like fever, headache, and then followed by____.

A

jaundice (liver damage)

35
Q

Yellow fever is transmitted by?

A

Aedes mosquitoes

36
Q

Symptoms of yellow fever include? What is the treatment?

A

hepatic, renal, myocardial injury, hemorrhage, high death rate (20%)
no antiviral, but a live attenuated vaccine is available

37
Q

___ are natural reservoirs of yellow fever

A

Monkeys

38
Q

Yellow fever is transmitted by?

A

Aedes mosquitoes

39
Q

Symptoms of dengue fever include?

A

milder than yellow fever but similar symptoms; “breakbone fever”

40
Q

What is Dengue hemorrhagic fever? how is it more severe than DF?

A
  • when the person is infected by another type of DF within 2 years of the first infection
  • causes shock within hours
41
Q

Do many people get symptoms when having Zika virus? What is the treatment?

A

Nope; only 20% get; milder in non-pregnant individuals; no vaccine & no antiviral

42
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly are linked with what virus?

A

Zika virus

43
Q

Ebola virus is transmitted by? endemic in?

A

direct contact with body fluids; Africa

44
Q

What is the treatment for Ebola virus?

A

aggressive supportive treatment (IV fluids); NO CURE

45
Q

Ebola virus is primarily ____ infection.

A

GI

46
Q

Disease Symptoms of Ebola virus

A
  • fever, headache, myalgia, etc. (signs are pretty common that they could also be other diseases)
  • 23-88% fatal

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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