HIV and Complications of Immunodeficiency Flashcards
HIV infects _____, ______, and _____ cells
CD4+ T cells
macrophages
dendritic
HIV can progresses to _____.
AIDS
Differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2.
HIV-1: major type of HIV (global pandemic)
HIV-2: slower infection; found in West Africa
HIV is what type of virus?
retrovirus
HIV was originated from?
SIV; aka skinny disease
Describe the composition of the HIV virus
- enveloped
- two identical single-strand RNA
- reserve transcriptase
- a glycolipid envelope with spikes called gp120
How does HIV cause infection? What are the two enzymes used?
- attachment: target host cell (CD4+ T cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells) and chemokine receptors
- reverse transcriptase: viral RNA to viral DNA
- Integrase: incorporate viral DNA to human DNA chromosome
HIV can either produce more virus OR become _____, so people can be unaware of the infection.
provirus
HIV can undergo rapid changes in _____ _____, thus allowing the restriction of drugs.
antigenic makeup
How is HIV detected (2)?
- ELISA: repeatedly reactive screening tests for HIV antibodies
- Virus PCR: virus load from blood
How is HIV monitored (2)?
- viral load
2. numbers of CD4+ cells
What is the number of CD4+ cells that indicate AIDS? Why this number?
below 200/mm^3; virus inhibits new production of T cells and infected CD4+ cells die fast.
Describe the three stages of AID.
Stage A: infection is asymptomatic, swollen lymph nodes
Stage B: persistent infections by opportunists
Stage C: indicator conditions like Kaposi’s sarcoma, TB, CMV eye infections, etc.
Initial symptoms of HIV infection to full-blown disease may take up to ___ years.
10
Oral diseases associated with HIV include (4):
- oral candidiasis
- oral leukoplakia
- gingivitis and periodontitis
- oral ulcers
Oral candidiasis is usually caused by ____ and the most common infection is ____.
C. Albicans; thrush
Oral leukoplakia (white lesions) is usually _______ and requires __ treatment
asymptomatic; no
Gingivitis and periodontitis causes what symptoms (3)
severe pain, bleeding gums, loosening of teeth
What is the most common ocular viral infection?
CMV retinitis
What is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity of HIV disease?
Pulmonary disease
What disease is the first infectious complication?
Mycobacterial disease
What is a well-known AIDS-defining illness?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
What is a major cause of pulmonary disease? How to treat?
pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (pjp); diagnose and treat early with Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole
Whats the symptoms of the pulmonary disease?
insidious onset and dry cough-no purulent sputum (乾咳無化膿痰)
