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MMI 133 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the notable antiparasitic agent and what does it treat?

A

Quinine treats malaria.

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2
Q

Why can antifungals be toxic to humans?

A

Fungal cells and human cells are both eukaryotic.

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3
Q

What aspect of fungal cells do many antifungal agents target?

A

Ergosterol, since humans produce cholesterol instead.

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4
Q

What is the most common antifungal drug used for systemic fungal illnesses?

A

Amphotericin B.

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5
Q

How do antiviral agents generally work (5 ways)?

A
  1. Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis.
  2. Act as entry inhibitors to block attachments of viruses to host cells.
  3. Uncoating inhibitors inhibit vacuoles with the virus to release virions into the cytoplasm.
  4. Nucleoside analogues cause production of nonfunctional DNA/RNA.
  5. Protease inhibitors cause fewer proteins to be created for viral replication.
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6
Q

Which 3 antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta lactams.
Vancomycin.
Bacitracin.

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7
Q

Which 3 nucleic acids can antibiotics inhibit?

A

DNA Gyrase.
RNA Polymerase.
Folate synthesis.

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8
Q

What are the 5 major classes of antimicrobials?

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
  2. Inhibition of protein synthesis.
  3. Injury to the plasma membrane.
  4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.
  5. Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis.
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9
Q

What is the difference between specific and broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Specific is preferred because it inhibits either G+/G- or specific bacterial species, which broad-spectrum works on all.

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10
Q

Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics avoided if possible?

A

They affect our normal flora as well.

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11
Q

When do we use specific antibiotics?

A

If the cause of infection is known.

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12
Q

When do we use broad-spectrum antibiotics?

A

Polymicrobial infections or if we don’t know the cause of infection.

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13
Q

Which 5 demographics are more susceptible to infections/disease?

A

Diabetics, children, the elderly, burn wound victims & the immunocompromised.

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14
Q

What are 4 situations where there may be complications with antibiotics?

A

Allergies.
Pregnant women.
Children.
Patients with pre-existing kidney/liver damage.

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15
Q

What are the potential side effects of penicllins?

A

Rash, allergy, GI upsets.

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16
Q

What are the potential side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Kidney damage, ototoxicity (reversible or permanent deafness).

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17
Q

What are the potential side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

Liver damage, nerve damage & impact on cartilage formation in children.

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18
Q

What is one potential side effect of tetracyclines?

A

Consequences for teeth & bone formation in children (why pregnant women should avoid tetracyclines).

19
Q

No antibiotic will be effective if:

A

used too late in the infection.

20
Q

When could IV antibiotics be used instead of oral antibiotics?

A

For those with GI problems.
When it is the only drug possible (ex: vancomycin).
When we need it to be effective quickly: rapid bioavailability important for serious infections like meningitis, septicaemia, endocarditis.

21
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is Gram _.

A
  • (negative).
22
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an _____________ pathogen.

A

opportunistic.

23
Q

Which kinds of patients does Pseudomonas aeruginosa common in?

A

Burn patients & those with cystic fibrosis.

24
Q

Does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have endotoxin or exotoxin?

A

Both!

25
Q

What are the 4 ways that bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Prevent drug penetration.
  2. Destruction of the drug.
  3. Altering the target site.
  4. Ejecting the drug.
26
Q

What are R-factors?

A

Plasmids that confer genes for resistance to antimicrobials.

27
Q

Can R-factors be transferred between bacterial species?

A

Yes.

28
Q

What do humans to do that causes bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance?

A

Overusing antibiotics.
Inappropriate prescription/treatment of antibiotics.
Incomplete treatment regiments.

29
Q

How did staphylococci develop resistance to penicillin?

A

Bacteria evolved to produce beta-lactamase that inactivated penicillin.

30
Q

How did we respond to penicillin-resistant bacteria?

A

We began synthesizing semi-synthetic penicillins.

31
Q

How did bacteria respond to semi-synthetic penicillins?

A

They mutated again by changing their binding sites (due to the MecA gene which doesn’t bind to penicillin).

32
Q

What bacteria resulted from bacterial resistance to semi-synthetic penicillins? What could it still be treated by?

A

MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus); can still be treated by vancomycin.

33
Q

Ultimately, what superbug resulted from S. aureus’ resistance to antibiotics?

A

VRSA (vancomycin resistant S. aureus).

34
Q

What is a superbug?

A

Bacteria that can’t be controlled by antibiotics.

35
Q

Which superbug resulted because we used avoparcin (a glycopeptide) in our animal feed?

A

VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci).

36
Q

Which superbug is an increasing problem particularly in ICU and extended care facilities?

A

ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase).

37
Q

What is a drug’s MIC?

A

Minimum amount of the antimicrobial that will inhibit the growth (not necessarily kill) the microorganism.

38
Q

Why is a drug’s MIC so important?

A

We use it to determine appropriate dosing levels & intervals.

39
Q

How do we determine a drug’s MIC?

A

E-test:

  1. Take plate with nutrient media & apply bacteria onto surface of the plate.
  2. Place acetate strip containing antibiotics in a gradient on the surface of the bacteria.
  3. Let incubate overnight.
  4. Read MIC on strip where inhibition begins.
40
Q

What is the “drug of choice” when treating a bacterial infection?

A

The drug deemed to be the most effective with the least toxicity for a given infection.

41
Q

What are the steps to perform a disk diffusion/Kirby Bauer test?

A
  1. Take nutrient media & apply bacteria isolated from patient onto the surface.
  2. Place filter paper discs containing different concentrations of different antibiotics on the surface, on top of the bacteria.
  3. Let petri dish incubate overnight.
  4. Measure zones of inhibition & compare to standard charts and interpret.
42
Q

What are the 3 categories of sensitivity used when interpreting the disk diffusion test results?

A

S: sensitive/susceptible.
I: intermediate.
R: resistant.

43
Q

Why is it important that we monitor serum antibiotic levels?

A

To prevent toxic side effects & ascertain our dosing intervals.

MMI 133 (26 decks)

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