Upper Alimentary Tract Infections (UATIs) Flashcards
The normal flora of the mouth are ___ & _________ dependent.
age & dentation.
If the typical 1-1.5L flow of saliva secreted decreased, what would occur?
Increase in microbial population 4x
What 3 things does saliva contain?
Enzymes, antibodies + leukocytes
What causes mumps?
Paramyxoviridiae (enveloped RNA)
How is mumps transmitted?
Droplet
When is mumps most infectious?
During incubation period
What are 4 complications of mumps?
Orchitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, oophoritis
What are some symptoms of mumps?
Inflammation + swelling of parotid glands, fever, pain on swallowing
How do you treat mumps?
Attenuated vaccine
How does paramyxoviridiae virus move through body?
Multiplies in lymph glands then moves to parotid gland via blood
What causes peptic ulcer disease?
Helicobacter pylori
How are dental caries formed?
Carbohydrates are converted locally under plaque into lactic acid, which attacks tooth enamel.
What allows helicobacter pylori to move in the stomach acid?
Flagella
What is the virulence factor helicobacter pylori?
Urease production
What does urease do?
Breaks down urea to form ammonia which neutralizes stomach acid, which causes body to increase secretion of gastrin (HCl)
What is a complication of peptic ulcer disease?
Gastric cancer
How is peptic ulcer disease treated?
Acid antagonist + at least 2 different antibiotics
Abscesses can progress to:
cellulitis.
What is the main component of the normal flora of the mouth?
Streptococcus sp. (mostly alpha).
What is the treatment of Vincent’s angina?
Antibiotics against anaerobes, surgical removal of necrotic tissue
When dehydrated, what is the cause of “bad breath”?
Waste products of anaerobic oral bacteria (cadaverine, hydrogen sulfide).
Candida albicans is a common cause of mouth & throat infection in:
neonates & immunosuppressed individuals.
What is thrush in the mouth?
Growth of mycelium of pseudophyphae from Candida albicans on the tongue.
What is gingivitis?
Reversible, mild inflammation of the gums, usually due to bacterial infection.
What is peridontal disease?
Inflammation & degeneration of supporting teeth structures.
Peridontal disease can be accompanied by:
dental caries and gingivitis.
What are the early and late colonizers of dental plaque?
Early: streptococci.
Late: anaerobic, G- bacteria.
How is dental plaque formed?
- Encapsulated streptococci congregate & form a community of bacteria/polysaccharide matrix.
- As plaque “matures”, anaerobes start entering.
- The more plaque accumulates, the worse breath will get.
What causes trench mouth/ANUG/Vincent’s angina?
Anaerobic G- bacilli & spirochaetes
What are symptoms of Vincent’s angina?
Severe ulcerative disease + pain, bad breath
What is the treatment of Vincent’s angina?
Antibiotics against anaerobes, surgical removal of necrotic tissue
What is the most important bacterium for dental caries?
Streptococcus mutans.
What are 2 local immune defences against caries?
Saliva: contains lysozyme & lactoperoxidase.
Crevicular fluid in gingival crevice: contains complement, anitbodies & neutrophils.
If caries are allowed to develop, bacteria can penetrate through to the pulp & come into contact with nerves/blood vessels, causing:
abcess & pain.
What is an abscess?
Often pointy area of local, well-defined swelling.
What do abscesses contain (2)?
Bacteria (polymicrobial, predominantly anerobic).
Pus & necrotic tissue debris.
Abscesses can progress to:
cellulitis.
What causes actinomycosis?
Actinomyces israelii
What is the morphology of actinomyces israelii?
G+ filamentous anaerobic rod
What are the results of actinomycosis?
Abscess formation, healing + scarring leads to deformation of tissue
Actinomycosis has a tendency to ____ infection
Chronic
Peridontal disease is often caused by:
Streptococcus mutans (caries). Many bacteria (gingivitis).
