Upper Alimentary Tract Infections (UATIs)

Question 1

The normal flora of the mouth are ___ & _________ dependent.

Answer 1

age & dentation.

Question 2

If the typical 1-1.5L flow of saliva secreted decreased, what would occur?

Answer 2

Increase in microbial population 4x

Question 3

What 3 things does saliva contain?

Answer 3

Enzymes, antibodies + leukocytes

Question 4

What causes mumps?

Answer 4

Paramyxoviridiae (enveloped RNA)

Question 5

How is mumps transmitted?

Answer 5

Droplet

Question 6

When is mumps most infectious?

Answer 6

During incubation period

Question 7

What are 4 complications of mumps?

Answer 7

Orchitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, oophoritis

Question 8

What are some symptoms of mumps?

Answer 8

Inflammation + swelling of parotid glands, fever, pain on swallowing

Question 9

How do you treat mumps?

Answer 9

Attenuated vaccine

Question 10

How does paramyxoviridiae virus move through body?

Answer 10

Multiplies in lymph glands then moves to parotid gland via blood

Question 11

What causes peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 11

Helicobacter pylori

Question 12

How are dental caries formed?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates are converted locally under plaque into lactic acid, which attacks tooth enamel.

Question 13

What allows helicobacter pylori to move in the stomach acid?

Answer 13

Flagella

Question 14

What is the virulence factor helicobacter pylori?

Answer 14

Urease production

Question 15

What does urease do?

Answer 15

Breaks down urea to form ammonia which neutralizes stomach acid, which causes body to increase secretion of gastrin (HCl)

Question 16

What is a complication of peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 16

Gastric cancer

Question 17

How is peptic ulcer disease treated?

Answer 17

Acid antagonist + at least 2 different antibiotics

Question 18

Abscesses can progress to:

Answer 18

cellulitis.

Question 19

What is the main component of the normal flora of the mouth?

Answer 19

Streptococcus sp. (mostly alpha).

Question 20

What is the treatment of Vincent’s angina?

Answer 20

Antibiotics against anaerobes, surgical removal of necrotic tissue

Question 21

When dehydrated, what is the cause of “bad breath”?

Answer 21

Waste products of anaerobic oral bacteria (cadaverine, hydrogen sulfide).

Question 22

Candida albicans is a common cause of mouth & throat infection in:

Answer 22

neonates & immunosuppressed individuals.

Question 23

What is thrush in the mouth?

Answer 23

Growth of mycelium of pseudophyphae from Candida albicans on the tongue.

Question 24

What is gingivitis?

Answer 24

Reversible, mild inflammation of the gums, usually due to bacterial infection.

Question 25

What is peridontal disease?

Answer 25

Inflammation & degeneration of supporting teeth structures.

Question 26

Peridontal disease can be accompanied by:

Answer 26

dental caries and gingivitis.

Question 27

What are the early and late colonizers of dental plaque?

Answer 27

Early: streptococci. Late: anaerobic, G- bacteria.

Question 28

How is dental plaque formed?

Answer 28

1. Encapsulated streptococci congregate & form a community of bacteria/polysaccharide matrix. 2. As plaque "matures", anaerobes start entering. 3. The more plaque accumulates, the worse breath will get.

Question 29

What causes trench mouth/ANUG/Vincent's angina?

Answer 29

Anaerobic G- bacilli & spirochaetes

Question 30

What are symptoms of Vincent's angina?

Answer 30

Severe ulcerative disease + pain, bad breath

Question 31

What is the treatment of Vincent's angina?

Answer 31

Antibiotics against anaerobes, surgical removal of necrotic tissue

Question 32

What is the most important bacterium for dental caries?

Answer 32

Streptococcus mutans.

Question 33

What are 2 local immune defences against caries?

Answer 33

Saliva: contains lysozyme & lactoperoxidase. | Crevicular fluid in gingival crevice: contains complement, anitbodies & neutrophils.

Question 34

If caries are allowed to develop, bacteria can penetrate through to the pulp & come into contact with nerves/blood vessels, causing:

Answer 34

abcess & pain.

Question 35

What is an abscess?

Answer 35

Often pointy area of local, well-defined swelling.

Question 36

What do abscesses contain (2)?

Answer 36

Bacteria (polymicrobial, predominantly anerobic). | Pus & necrotic tissue debris.

Question 37

Abscesses can progress to:

Answer 37

cellulitis.

Question 38

What causes actinomycosis?

Answer 38

Actinomyces israelii

Question 39

What is the morphology of actinomyces israelii?

Answer 39

G+ filamentous anaerobic rod

Question 40

What are the results of actinomycosis?

Answer 40

Abscess formation, healing + scarring leads to deformation of tissue

Question 41

Actinomycosis has a tendency to ____ infection

Answer 41

Chronic

Question 42

Peridontal disease is often caused by:

Answer 42

``` Streptococcus mutans (caries). Many bacteria (gingivitis). ```