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Physiology > Urinary System (Topic 13) > Flashcards

Urinary System (Topic 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Where do kidneys lie? (2)

A

back of the abdominal wall
- retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What does the ureter do? (2)

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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3
Q

What does the bladder do? (2)

A

stores urine until voided from the body

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4
Q

What does the urethra do? (2)

A

carries urine from the bladder tot he outside of the body

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5
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys? (3)

A
  • regulates water
  • removes waste from blood
  • gluconeogenesis
  • secretes hormones (renin and calcium)
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6
Q

What is a nephron? (4)

A

functional unit of kidney (forms urine)
- each kidney has 1 million nephrons

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7
Q

What is the renal cortex? (4)

A

The outer portion
- contains renal corpuscles

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8
Q

What is the renal medulla? (4)

A

inner portion
- Loops of Henle extend into medulla.
- Contains the medullary collecting ducts.

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9
Q

What does a nephron consist of? (5)

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
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10
Q

What does a renal corpuscle consist of? (5)

A
  • glomerulus: tuft of capillary loops
  • Bowman’s capsule: cup shaped around the glomerulus
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11
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? (7)

A
  • juxtamedullary
  • cortical
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12
Q

What is a juxtamedullary nephron? (7)

A
  • long loop of henle
  • concentration of urine
  • found at the border between cortex and medulla
  • about 15% of all nephrons
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13
Q

What is a cortical nephron? (7)

A
  • 85% of all nephrons
  • short loop pf Henle
  • reabsorption and secretion
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14
Q

What is glomerular filtration? (8)

A

a passive process in which hydrostatic pressures force the fluids and solute through a membrane.
- ~20% of plasma filters into Bowman’s Capsule
- Forms a filtrate that is free of cells & proteins

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15
Q

What is special about golmerular capillaries? (8)

A

are specialized for filtration. These are the only capillaries in the body that are fed and drained by an arteriole (afferent and efferent).

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16
Q

How do glomerular capillaries affect pressure? (8)

A

they maintain and increase blood pressure

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17
Q

What affects the rate of filtration? (10)

A
  • permeability of the capillaries
  • surface area available for filtration
  • constriction or dilation of the arterioles
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18
Q

What is the most abundant cation in filtrate? (13)

A

sodium

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19
Q

Na+ reabsorption is passive across luminal membrane and active _______________ across basolateral membrane. (13)

A

Na/K pump

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20
Q

What does the active pumping of sodium generate? (13)

A

generates a gradient that couples to passive entrance of other substances (glucose, etc.) via co-transporters across the luminal membrane.

21
Q

Where does substances like H+, K+, and organic anions move? (14)

A

from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen

22
Q

What does tubular secretion do? (14)

A

removes more of a substance than filtration alone
- Regulation of reabsorption and/or secretion is in response to hormones and paracrine/autocrine factors.

23
Q

Tubular secretion is an important mechanism for: (14)

A
  • Disposing of drugs and drug metabolites
  • Eliminating undesired substances or end products that have reabsorbed by passive processes (urea and uric acid).
  • Removing excess K+
  • Controlling blood pH
24
Q

What is urine? (15)

A

filtrate + secretum - reabsorption
- formed in the renal tubules

25
Q

Where does urine drain into? (15)

A

renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder

26
Q

What is the reflex that makes you pee? (15)

A

micturition reflex
- initiated by a nervous reflex
(smooth muscle of the bladder walls to contract and the expel the urine)

27
Q

What is the external sphincter? (15)

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • Contraction prevents urination even when smooth muscle contraction is strong
28
Q

What is incontinence? (18)

A

inability to control urination
- More common in women

29
Q

What are common types of incontinence? (18)

A

stress incontinence (due to sneezing, coughing, or exercise)
- Treatment: Medications (such as estrogen replacement), therapy (to improve vaginal tone), Surgery (improve vaginal support of the
bladder and urethra)

urge incontinence (associated with the desire to urinate).
- Any irritation to the bladder or urethra (e.g., with a bacterial infection)
- Treatment: Medication (that antagonize the effects of the parasympathetic nerves on the detrusor muscle)

30
Q

How does antagonizing the parasympathetic nervous system help incontinence? (18)

A
31
Q

Na+ reabsorption occurs in all tubular segments except what? (19)

A

the descending limb of the loop of henle

32
Q

By what process is water reabsorbed? (19)

A

osmosis (passive)

33
Q

What does water move through? (19)

A

aquaporin channels
- presence of these aquaporins varies throughout the tubule segments.
- highly expressed in the proximal tubule.
- Varies in different segments of loop of Henly
- absent in the collecting ducts unless Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is active.

34
Q

go over slide 21 & 22

A

kk

35
Q

Why is it important that our bodies can make a concentrated urine? (23)

A
  • to reduce water loss
36
Q

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is ___ (23)

A
  • impermeable to solutes
  • permeable to water
37
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is ___ (23)

A
  • impermeable to water
  • permeable to solutes
38
Q

Medullary interstitial fluid is _____ (23)

A

hyperosmotic
- Partially due to urea recycling

39
Q

Go over slide 24

A

thumbs up

40
Q

Why is the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid always slightly higher? (24)

A

the active pumping of salt, increases the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid which allows for the passive reabsorption of water

41
Q

What is urea? (25)

A
  • Helps maintain hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid
  • Urea is freely filtered in glomerulus
  • 50% is reabsorbed in proximal tubule
  • Various stages of secretions and reabsorption.
  • ~15% of that originally filtered is excreted in urine
42
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells? (26)

A

enlarged smooth muscle cells that secrete the hormone renin

43
Q

What do JG cells do? (26)

A

mechanoreceptors (sense blood pressure) in the afferent arteriole

44
Q

What are macula densa cells? (26)

A

group of tall, closely-packed cells that line a portion of the distal tubule.
-These cells work in tandem and are critical regulators of blood pressure.

45
Q

How can glomerular filtration rate be reduced? (27)

A

can be reduced in response to increase Na+ and water loss. (ex. Diarrhea)

46
Q

What are the mechanisms of glomerular filtration rate? (27)

A
  • Activation of sympathetic nerves
  • Reduction of arterial blood pressure
47
Q

If your body is trying to increase fluid, does your body increase or decrease glomerular filtration? (27)

A

decrease filtration

48
Q

What are three inputs to juxtaglomerulary cells? (28)

A
  • Sympathetic nerves
  • Arterial pressure
  • Sodium sensors in macula densa
49
Q

Go over slide 29 & 30

A

o k

Physiology (15 decks)

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