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Physiology > Endocrine System (Topic 7) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Topic 7) Flashcards

1
Q

hat do exocrine glands do? (2)

A

secrete substances into a duct onto an epithelial surface

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2
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands? (2)

A
  • Sweat glands
  • salivary glands
  • tear ducts
  • sebum
  • stomach bile?
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3
Q

What do endocrine glands do? (2)

A

secrete substances into the interstitial fluid, then into the blood stream

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4
Q

What type of gland secretes hormones? (2)

A

endocrine gland

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5
Q

What is a hormone? (2)

A

a chemical messenger produced by an endocrine cell and travels through the blood stream

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6
Q

What are iodinated amino acids? (4)

A

modified amino acid

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7
Q

What are biogenetic amines? (4)

A

derived from amino acids

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8
Q

What is a peptide hormone? (4)

A

polymers of amino acids (most hormones)

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9
Q

What is a steroid hormone? (4)

A

lipids

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10
Q

What are the thyroid hormones? (5)

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
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11
Q

What are characteristics of thyroid hormones? (5)

A
  • Iodine stored in thyroid.
  • Can be produced for several weeks even without iodine consumption.
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12
Q

What do thyroid hormones do? (5)

A

Regulate metabolic rate, growth, and brain development.

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13
Q

Are thyroid hormones polar or nonpolar? (5)

A

NONPOLAR

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14
Q

Are thyroid hormones polar or nonpolar? (5)

A

NONPOLAR

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15
Q

Characteristics of nonpolar messengers? (5)

A

have intracellular receptors and bind to affect gene expression

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16
Q

Where are thyroid hormone receptors found? What does this mean? (5)

A

the nucleus
- they cross the membrane by diffusion
- they alter gene expression

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17
Q

What are the precursors for biogenic amines? (6)

A

Starts as an amino acid, does not end up as an amino acid

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18
Q

What are catecholamines? (5)

A

biogenic amines dervied from tyrosine

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19
Q

What are the three catecholamines? (5)

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
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20
Q

Characteristics of epinephrine? (5)

A
  • = adrenalin
  • secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Controls metabolism
  • Neurotransmitter
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21
Q

Characteristics of norepinephrine? (5)

A
  • secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Can be converted to epinephrine
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22
Q

Characteristics of dopamine? (5)

A
  • produced by hypothalamus,
  • secreted in portal circulation to affect secretion of prolactin by pituitary gland.
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23
Q

Characteristics of histamine? (5)

A
  • derived from amino acid histidine
  • involved in bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
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24
Q

Characteristics of serotonin and melatonin? (5)

A
  • derived from amino acid tryptophan
  • Regulation of intestinal movement
  • Role in mood, appetite, sleep, circadian rhythms
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25
Q

How are peptide and protein hormones made? (7)

A

transcription and translation

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26
Q

What category do most hormones fall in? (7)

A

peptide and protein hormones

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27
Q

How are protein hormones released from the endocrine cell? (8)

A

exocytosis

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28
Q

how do protein hormones affect the target cell? (8)

A

They’re Polar; they will do what any water-soluble messenger will do

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29
Q

Characteristics of steroid hormones (9)

A
  • cyclic lipids
  • derived from cholesterol
  • Nonpolar
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30
Q

Are steroid hormones polar or nonpolar? (9)

A

Nonpolar

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31
Q

Steroid Hormone Synthesis (10)

A
  • (set of enzyme mediated reactions)
  • starting point is cholesterol
  • 1-2 G-Protein coupled receptor
  • cAMP production by activated adenylyl cyclase
  • cAMP activates (phosphorylates) a kinase
  • cholesterol released from lipid droplet
  • transported to mitochondria
  • back and forth between smooth ER and mitochondria
  • released from cell by diffusion b/c its a steroid (small and nonpolar)
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32
Q

Why do steroid hormones not travel in vesicles? (10)

A

vesicles are for polar, lipid-soluble
- steroid are non polar and water soluble

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33
Q

If steroid hormones sit free in the blood, what happens to them? (10)

A

they’ll clump together

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34
Q

Where are steroid hormones made? (11)

A

the kidney/adrenal gland and sex organs

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35
Q

What are corticoids secreted by? (11)

A

adrenalcortex

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36
Q

What does aldosterone do? (11)

A

mineralocorticoid, affects ionic balance (at kidneys).

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37
Q

What does cortisol do? (11)

A

glucorticoid; affects glucose metabolism
- Body’s response to stress
- Regulation of the immune system

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38
Q

What steroid hormones are made in the sex organs? (12)

A

androgens and estrogens

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39
Q

True or False. Sex hormones are exclusive to each sex. (12)

A

False

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40
Q

Would testes or ovaries produce more aromatase? (12)

A

ovaries (does more conversion of androgen to estrogen)

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41
Q

What does the ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depend on? (13)

A

the presence of receptors on or in the target cell

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42
Q

How is number of receptors regulated for water-soluble hormones? (13)

A

Exocytosis (upregulation) and endocytosis (downregulation=

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43
Q

How is number of receptors regulated for lipid-soluble hormones? (13)

A
  • Alter gene expression (take in more or less)
  • alter protein degradation
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44
Q

What is permissiveness? (14)

A

one hormone is required for another hormone to have its full effect

45
Q

What can hormones do to receptors of target cells of other hormones? (14)

A

up-regulate them, increasing the response

46
Q

What is an example of a hormone up-regulating the receptor of another hormone? (14)

A

Epinephrine targets adipocytes (fat cells) causing cells to release more fatty acids. Thyroid hormone up-regulates epinephrine receptors.

47
Q

What does “the thyroid is permissive to epinephrine” mean? (14)

A

the response is bigger when both hormones are present.
thyroid is required for epinephrine to have its full effect

48
Q

What can all endocrine disorders be categorized into? (15)

A
  • too little hormone -> HYPOsecretion
  • too much hormone -> HYPERsecretion
  • reduced responsiveness of target cells -> HYPOresponsiveness
  • increases responsiveness to target cells -> HYPERresponsiveness
49
Q

Why do symptoms vary in endocrine disorders? (15)

A

they vary depending on the hormone or endocrine gland that is affected

50
Q

What is the hypothalamus composed of? (16)

A

nervous tissue

51
Q

What is the hypothalamus linked to? (16)

A

the pituitary by the infundibulum

52
Q

What does the hypothalamus bridge? (16)

A

bridges neural and endocrine systems

53
Q

what are the two lobes f the pituitary gland? (16)

A

anterior and posterior

54
Q

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones? (17)

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone; ADH)
- both peptide hormones

55
Q

is oxytocin positive is negative feedback? (17)

A

positive

56
Q

Examples of oxytocin release? (17)

A
  • baby suckling
  • birth
57
Q

How can you tell oxytocin is a peptide? (17)

A

because of all of the amino acids in the structure
(lots of amine groups and double bonded oxygens)

58
Q

What does vasopressin do? (18)

A

increase blood pressure

59
Q

What category does posterior pituitary hormones fall in? (18)

A

neurohormones

60
Q

What is the control of the anterior pituitary composed of? (19)

A

glandular epithelium (aka endocrine)

61
Q

What does the control of anterior pituitary do? (19)

A

amplify signals produced by a few neurons

62
Q

What is a tropic hormone? (20)

A

hormone that leads to the release of another hormone

63
Q

Which hormones in the anterior pituitary pathway tropic? (20)

A

GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, and CRH

64
Q

What is the difference between permissive and tropic hormones? (20)

A
  • permissive works together to increase the response
  • tropic leads to the production of another
65
Q

What are the functions of cortisol? (22)

A
  • maintains blood pressure
  • prevents blood glucose from dipping too low
  • puts “brake” on immune system to keep from overreacting
66
Q

What does permissive action on the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine by muscles and blood vessels help maintain? (22)

A

maintains blood pressure

67
Q

What does maintains cellular concentrations of metabolic enzymes required to produce glucose between meals do? (22)

A

prevents blood glucose from dipping too low

68
Q

What does decreases events associated with the inflammatory response such as capillary permeability and production of prostaglandins do? (22)

A

puts “brakes” on immune system to keep from overreacting

69
Q

What is common in diseases marked by reduced cortisol? (22)

A

autoimmune disorders

70
Q

What is cortisol important for? (22)

A

fetal development (lungs, brain, intestines)

71
Q

What is stress? (23)

A

situation with real or potential threat to homeostasis

72
Q

What is the response to trauma, infection, pain, sleep deprivation, fright, etc.? (23)

A

stress

73
Q

What happens when stressed? (23)

A

increased release of cortisol and epinephrine
- effects on organic metabolism
- enhanced vascular reactivity
- unidentified protective effects against stress
- inhibition of inflammation and specific immune responses
- inhibition of nonessential functions

74
Q

What is adrenal insufficiency and its symptoms? (24)

A

plasma levels of cortisol are chronically below normal
- weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite
- low blood pressure; low blood sugar
(life-threatening if not treated)

75
Q

What are some causes of adrenal insufficiency? (24)

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency (called Addison’s Disease)
- infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis) destroy adrenal gland cells
- adrenal gland tumors
- autoimmune attack of adrenal gland
Secondary adrenal insufficiency (reduction in ACTH)
- may arise from pituitary disease

76
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome? Primary? Secondary? (25)

A

Excess cortisol in the blood
Primary
- cortisol-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland
Secondary
- usually due to an ACTH-secreting tumor of the pituitary

77
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome? (25)

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Muscles weakness
  • High Blood Sugar
  • Immunosuppression
  • Redistribution of fat
  • High blood pressure
    [Usually not fatal]
78
Q

What does prolactin target? (26)

A

the breasts and milk-secreting cells

79
Q

Where is prolactin produced? (26)

A

the anterior pituitary

80
Q

What type of feedback does TRH have? (27)

A

negative feedback

81
Q

What is the thyroid composed of? (28)

A

follicles
- follicular epithelial cells
- lumen containing colloid (protein-rich material)

82
Q

What do thyroid follicles produce? (28)

A

T4 and T3

83
Q

Where are thyroid hormone receptors? (29)

A

in the nucleus

84
Q

What do thyroid hormones do? (29)

A

activate gene transcription

85
Q

What do thyroid hormones receptors have a higher affinity for? (29)

A

T3 and T4

86
Q

What type of actions does thyrpid hormone do? (29)

A

Metabolic:
- Increase absorption of carbohydrates
- Increase release of fatty acids by adipocytes
- Main action: stimulate Na+/K+ pumps
Permissive:
- up-regulate adrenergic receptors, mostly in heart and neural system
Growth and development:
- Lack of T3 and T4 cause slow growth
- T3 and T4 necessary to develop dendrites, synapses and myelin
- Lack leads to profound intellectual deficiencies

87
Q

What is hypothyroidism? (30)

A

Damage or loss of function of thyroid
Often autoimmune

88
Q

What is another cause of hypothyroidism and what is the symptom called? (30)

A
  • lack of iodine in the diet
  • goiter
89
Q

What are some treatments for hypothyroidism? (30)

A
  • iodine treatments if the lack is the cause
  • synthroid (synthetic thyroid pills)
90
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism? (30)

A
  • Hormone-secreting tumor
  • Over growth/activity
    (can be cause BY a goiter)
91
Q

What are some treatments for hyperthyroidism? (30)

A
  • take beta blockers
92
Q

What is a mitogen? (31)

A

something that stimulates mitosis

93
Q

How do mitogens directly effect growth? (31)

A

it affects mitosis and cell division

94
Q

What leads to bone growth? (32)

A

osteoblasts and chondrocytes

95
Q

What do osteoblasts do? (32)

A

convert cartilagenous tissue to bone

96
Q

What do chondrocytes do? (32)

A

creates new cartilage

97
Q

What are epiphyseal growth plates? (32)

A

actively proliferating cartilage

98
Q

What is the role of IGF-1? (32)

A

Stimulates differentiation and cell division of chondrocytes.

99
Q

When does cartilage growth slow down and epiphyseal plates fuse? (33)

A

after puberty

100
Q

Why are extracellular levels of calcium tightly controlled? (34)

A
101
Q

How is calcium acquired and maintained? (34)

A

Bone:
- Reserve: 99% of body calcium
- Osteoblasts bone-forming cells; secrete a matrix that gets mineralized with Ca2+
- Osteoclasts break down bone by secreting H+; releases Ca2+ from bone

Kidneys:
- Active reabsorption after urine is filtrated

Gastrointestinal tract:
- Absorption from food through active transport

(All three are under hormonal control)

102
Q

Osteoblasts vs osteoclasts (34)

A

Osteoblasts:
- bone-forming cells; secrete a matrix that gets mineralized with Ca2+
Osteoclasts:
- break down bone by secreting H+; releases Ca2+ from bone

103
Q

What is parathyroid hormone secreted by? (35)

A

secreted by four parathyroid glands that are embedded in the thyroid gland

104
Q

Go over Parathyroid hormone pathway! (35)

A

yayyyy thyroidddd

105
Q

absorption vs Reabsorption vs resorption (35)

A
  • absorption = taking in
  • reabsorption = in the kidney because its gets filtered out and taken in again at the kidney
  • resorption = bones (bone is broken down to free up the calcium)
106
Q

What does vitamin D do to calcium absorption? (37)

A

it increases it in the GI tract

107
Q

Where do we get vitamin D? (37)

A

diet and sunlight

108
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted? (36)

A

from the thyroid, parafollicular cells

109
Q

What does calcitonin do? (36)

A
  • Opposite effect of parathyroid hormone
  • Decreases plasma calcium concentration by inhibiting osteoclasts.
  • Secretion stimulated by high plasma calcium concentration.
  • Role doesn’t seem to be significant in day-to-day Ca2+ regulation.
    (May work only when Ca2+ levels are very high)

Physiology (15 decks)

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