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Physiology > Respiratory (Topic 12) > Flashcards

Respiratory (Topic 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Review anatomy slide 2

A

you got it past emma

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2
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system? (3)

A

supply body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Why is this gas exchange necessary? (3)

A

for cellular respiration

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4
Q

What is respiration? (3)

A

gas exchange

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5
Q

What is ventilation? (3)

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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6
Q

Go over the steps of respiration on slide 4

A

gotta love breathing

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7
Q

What are the two zones of the airway? (5)

A
  • conducting zone (no gas exchange/no alveoli)
  • respiratory zone (gas exchange)
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8
Q

What is the trachea? (5)

A

known as the “windpipe”
- Contains cartilaginous rings (c-shaped)
- Muscle contraction tightens the rings during coughing.

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9
Q

What is the airway mucosa consist of? (6)

A

cilia and goblet cells

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10
Q

What is the role of goblet cells? (6)

A

produce mucus (mucus traps bacteria)

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11
Q

What is the role of cilia cells? (6)

A

transports mucus (moves it up to pharynx where it is either coughed up or swallowed to the stomach)

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12
Q

Why do smokers cough? (6)

A
  • more toxins in the airway = more mucus production
  • toxins damage cilia
    MORE MUCUS, LESS WAYS TO GET IT OUT
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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? (6)

A
  • Autosomal Recessive Genetic Disorder
  • Mutation in a protein requires to regulate components of sweat, mucus, etc.
  • In the lungs, this mutation leads to thickened mucus that cannot be moved by the cilia.
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14
Q

How are blood vessels important for the respiratory system? (7)

A

needed to transport O2 and CO2 throughout the body

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15
Q

What are alveoli? (8)

A

Alveoli are tiny, hollow sacs whose open ends are continuous with the lumens of the airways
- In some of the alveolar walls, pores permit the flow of air between alveoli.

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16
Q

What is the function of alveoli? (8)

A

increases surface area for gas exchange

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17
Q

What are the two types of alveoli cells? (8)

A
  • Type I -> line the air-facing surfaces. Flat epithelial cells that are one-cell thick.
  • Type II -> produce a detergent-like (amphipathic) substance called
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18
Q

Where are our lungs? (9)

A

thorax

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19
Q

What structures are in the thorax? (9)

A

rib cage and sternum

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20
Q

What is the diaphragm? (9)

A

skeletal muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen

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21
Q

What is the intercostal? (9)

A

muscles that run between ribs

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22
Q

What is the pluera? (9)

A

fluid filled sac that encloses each lung

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23
Q

What is intrapleural fluid? (10)

A

only a few mL of fluid. Provides lubrication of the lung to prevent friction while breathing.

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24
Q

What is Boyle’s Law? (11)

A

Gases always fill their container. So in a large container the molecules in a given amount of gas will be far apart (low pressure). In a smaller container that same amount of gas will have molecules close together (high pressure).

25
Q

When does air flow into the lungs? (12)

A

when alveoli pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

26
Q

When does air flow out of the lungs? (12)

A

when alveoli pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

27
Q

What does lung inflation depend on? (13)

A
  • Changes in pressure
  • compliance
28
Q

why must Ptp always stay positive? (14)

A

the lungs would collapse otherwise

29
Q

What keeps Pip negative? (14)

A

Elastic recoil

30
Q

what is a pneumothorax? (15)

A

collapsed lung

31
Q

Go over slide 17 & 18

A

kk

32
Q

What are the two main determinants of lung compliance? (20)

A

elasticity and surface tension

33
Q

How does an increase in surface tension affect alveoli compliance? (20)

A

as surface tension increases, alveoli compliance decreases

34
Q

Why does adding a detergent break surface tension?

A

it acts as surfactant

35
Q

What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome? (21)

A
  • Type II alveolar cells are not fully functional, so lower levels of surfactant, if any at all, are produced.
  • Lower compliance, so lungs do not inflate sufficiently at birth.
36
Q

How to theoretically fix low compliance/low surfactant in the lungs? (21)

A
  • artificial surfactant inhalation
  • ventilator
37
Q

What is asthma? (22)

A
  • Smooth muscle contracts strongly, reducing the diameter of the airway and increasing airway resistance.
  • Chronic inflammation triggered by a variety of factors: allergies, viral infections, environmental factors like pollution, and Exercise
38
Q

What are some treatments for asthma? (22)

A
  • steroids/anti-inflammatory drugs (decrease inflammation)
  • bronchodilators (relaxes smooth muscles)
39
Q

Go over slide 23

A

thumbs up

40
Q

What is minute ventilation? (24)

A

volume of air exchanged per minute (mL/min)
- tidal volume + respiratory rate

41
Q

What is the conducting zone? (24)

A

Anatomical dead spaces reduce the proportion of the air that is renovated at each breath.

42
Q

What is alveolar ventilation rate? (24)

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

43
Q

Go over slide 25

A

mhm

44
Q

what does it mean if alveolar pressure is 0? (25)

A

little to no air in the alveoli
- no gas exchange

45
Q

Why must a person floating on the surface of the water and using a snorkel increase tidal volume to maintain alveolar ventilation? (25)

A

The volume of the snorkel constitutes an additional dead space, so total pulmonary ventilation must be increased if alveolar ventilation is to remain constant.

46
Q

What does alveolar pressure depend on? (28)

A
  • PO2 of atmospheric air
  • Alveolar ventilation rate
  • Total body oxygen consumption (metabolic rate)
47
Q

What is hypoventilation? (29)

A

decrease in ratio of ventilation to CO2 production
(Not simply a change in rate, but a change in rate relative to metabolism.)

48
Q

What is hyperventilation? (29)

A

increase in ratio of ventilation to CO2 production
(Not simply a change in rate, but a change in rate relative to metabolism.)

49
Q

How is hyperventilation treated? (29)

A

paper bag
- forces CO2 back in

50
Q

What is a pulmonary edema? (31)

A

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the lung or in the alveoli impairs gas exchange
Left ventricle fails to pump as much blood as the right ventricle. Pressure in the pulmonary capillaries increases, so more fluid filters into the interstitial fluid or into the alveoli.

51
Q

What if high altitude or pulmonary disease led to
a decrease of systemic PO2 from 100 to 60 mmHg? (33)

A

less oxygen traveling in the blood stream

52
Q

Which is detrimental, too high O2 or too little CO2? (29)

A

too little CO2
- CO2 plays a role in maintaining our pH

53
Q

What is necessary for oxygen diffusion in the pulmonary capillaries? (35)

A

high partial pressure in the beginning, low partial pressure at the end, or both
- ventilation keeps it high in the beginning
- O2 being bound to hemoglobin keeps it low at the end

54
Q

What is necessary for oxygen diffusion out of the systemic capillaries? (35)

A

low partial pressure in the beginning, high partial pressure at the end, or both
- O2 being bound to hemoglobin keeps it low at the beginning
- ? keeps it high in the end

55
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Why? (35)

A

By the time the blood reaches the placenta there is a lower concentration of oxygen in the blood, the fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so that the hb can bind to oxygen at the lower partial pressures of oxygen in the mothers blood.

56
Q

What happens in carbon monoxide poisoning? (35)

A

Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen so the carbon monoxide replaces it.

57
Q

What is keeping high pressure in the beginning and low pressure in the end during CO2 systemic capillary diffusion going in? (36)

A
  • CO2 production? keeps it high in the beginning
  • CO2 binding to hemoglobin and converting to bicarbonate keeps it low in the end
58
Q

What is keeping low pressure in the beginning and high pressure in the end during CO2 pulmonary capillary diffusion going out? (36)

A
  • CO2 binding to hemoglobin and converting to bicarbonate? keeps it high in the beginning
  • ventilation keeps it low in the end

Physiology (15 decks)

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