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Physiology > Energy Metabolism (Topic 2) > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism (Topic 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why does ATP have high energy? (2)

A

it is unstable

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2
Q

Why is ATP unstable? (2)

A

it has many negative charges that repel eachother

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3
Q

Why is ATP a good energy transferer? (2)

A

it wants to be broken due to its instability

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4
Q

What is the difference between ATP and GTP? (4)

A

Their base
ATP = adenine
GTP = guanine

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5
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 do? What are they? (4)

A
  • they carry electrons
  • they are coenzymes
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6
Q

What are three energy transfer molecules (not ATP)? (4)

A
  1. GTP
  2. NADH
  3. FADH2
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7
Q

How do we get ATP? (5)

A

Carbs go through glycolysis, come out as pyruvate that goes through the Krebs cycle, comes out as coenzyme and goes through oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria? (6)

A
  • outside membrane (outer membrane)
  • inside membrane (inner membrane)
  • space between membranes (intermembrane space)
  • space in the middle (matrix)
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9
Q

What is the location of ATP synthesis? (6)

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen? (6)

A

matrix

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11
Q

Where does electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation happen? (6)

A

inner membrane

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12
Q

What is the difference between combustion and cellular respiration? (6)

A

glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + ATP
- combustion is all in one step (really fast)
- cellular respiration is many many small steps and regulated by enzymes

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? (8)

A

cytosol

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14
Q

In what conditions can glycolysis occur? (8)

A

aerobic or anaerobic conditions

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15
Q

What happens in glycolysis step 1-4? (8)

A

glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate (hexokinase) -> fructose 6-phosphate (phosphohexoseisomerase) -> fructose 1,6-biphosphate (phosphofructokinase)

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16
Q

Why is step 1-4 of glycolysis called the energy investment phase? (8)

A

because it uses ATP

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17
Q

What happens in glycolysis steps 4-10? (9)

A
  1. fructose 1,6-biphosphate splits
  2. into two 3 carbon intermediates
  3. then NADH is formed from NAD+
  4. phosphate group gets removed and added to an ADP to make ATP (phosphoglycerate kinase) (2 ATP made)
  5. blah
  6. PEP (3C) is made
  7. ADP to ATP; PEP to pyruvate kinase (3C) (2 ATP made)
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18
Q

Why is step 4-10 of glycolysis called the energy payoff phase? (9)

A

ATP is synthesized

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19
Q

What is the reaction of glycolysis? (10)

A

1 glucose (6C) -> 2 pyruvate (3C) + water + energy

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20
Q

Is oxygen a reactant in glycolysis? (10)

A

no

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21
Q

Is CO2 produced in glycolysis? (10)

A

no

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22
Q

How much ATP is produced in glycolysis? (10)

A

2 ATP produced

23
Q

Are coenzymes reduced in glycolysis? (10)

A

yes, 2NAD+ ->2 NADH

24
Q

What happens after glycolysis? (11)

A

lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic)

24
Q

What happens after glycolysis? (11)

A

lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic)

25
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation? (11)

A

during fermentation oxidizes 2NADH -> 2NAD+
- this is beneficial so you can use NAD+ for glycolysis (so glycolysis can keep going)

26
Q

Is oxidation of pyruvate anerobic or aerobic? (12)

A

Anaerobic

27
Q

Does the Krebs cycle occur under anaerobic or aerobic conditions? (12)

A

aerobic (but doesn’t use oxygen directly)

28
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle a cycle and not a pathway? (14)

A

The intermediates get regenerated (you can start anywhere on the cycle)

29
Q

What important enzymes are in the Krebs cycle? (14)

A

Oxaloacetate (4C)
Acetyl CoA (2C)
Citrate (6C)
6C intermediate
alpha-Ketoglutarate (5C)
4C intermediate

30
Q

How many ATP form from each cycle of the Krebs cycle? (16)

A

1 ATP

31
Q

How often does the Krebs cycle go through a cycle? (16)

A

Once per Acetyl CoA (once per pyruvate) (twice per glucose)

32
Q

What is all produced in the Krebs Cycle? (16)

A

Acetyla-CoA + 2H2O -> 2CO2 + CoA +ATP + 3NADH + FADH2
3 NADH and 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP

33
Q

Is CO2 produced in the Krebs cycle? (16)

A

yes

34
Q

After the Krebs cycle, where are the 6 carbons from glucose and where is the potential energy from glucose? (14)

A
  • The 6 carbons are now all CO2 molecules (Glucose has been completely oxidized to CO2)
  • the potential energy is now many coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) and a little ATP
35
Q

What is the point of Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

For taking the energy from the coenzymes and making them into ATP.

36
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? (17)

A

The transfer of phosphate group to ADP from phosphorylated intermediate (pyruvate kinase)

37
Q

What does pyruvate kinase do? (17)

A

phosphorylates ATP
- Transfers phosphate group from ADP to make ATP

38
Q

Is oxidative phosphorylation high or low energy? (18)

A

High (where you get most of your ATP)

39
Q

What step do you get the most ATP? (18)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation? (18)

A
  • water
  • NAD+
  • 3 ATP from NADH
  • FAD+
  • 2 ATP from FADH2
41
Q

How much ATP do you get from NADH? FADH2? (18)

A
  • 3 ATP from NADH
  • 2 ATP from FADH2
42
Q

Why does NADH give more ATP than FADH2? (18)

A

NADH goes through complex I-IV and FADH2 goes through complex II-IV
- There is more potential energy in complex 1 than complex 2
- (NADH allows for the movement of more protons)

43
Q

What is the final electron acceptor? (18)

A

oxygen

44
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain? (18)

A

Electrons are ‘transported’ from one enzyme in the chain to the next. (creates proton gradient)

45
Q

Why do humans need oxygen? (20)

A

It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (without it, everything comes to a stop)

46
Q

Why is the proton gradient important? (20)

A

it keeps ATP synthase running

47
Q

Which way do protons flow in ATP synthase? (21)

A

Flow up toward matrix and away from intermembrane space

48
Q

What does the flow of protons cause? (21)

A

As they flow through, protons cause rotor to turn (similar to water and a turbine)

49
Q

Why is the change in shape of catalytic units important? (21)

A

They change shapes that encourage the formation of ATP

50
Q

What changes the shape if catalytic units? (21)

A

The turning of the rotor by protons

51
Q

What is the direct causes (step by step) of a lack of oxygen? (21)

A

ETC stops, no more protein gradient, ATP synthase cant work (depends on a flow of protons)

52
Q

What causes proton flow? (20)

A

Proton gradient

53
Q

Practice slide 23. (Glycolysis to Krebs to oxidative phosphorylation)

A

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Physiology (15 decks)

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