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Physiology > Intermediary Metabolism (Topic 3) > Flashcards

Intermediary Metabolism (Topic 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate steps between the entrance of nutrients in the cell are used for what? (2)

A
  • The metabolism of short-chain (2-4C) molecules
  • They allow for the conversion of one biomolecule to another
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2
Q

There are no dedicated pathways to break down what to form ATP? (2)

A

There are no pathways to breakdown fat or protein to make ATP

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3
Q

What happens to fats or proteins? (2)

A
  • Either converted to glucose OR
  • Enter into cellular respiration pathways at various points
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4
Q

What are 2 issues with energy storage? (3)

A
  • fuel availability
  • best storage container
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5
Q

In what forms is energy stored? (3)

A

glycogen and fats = triglycerides

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6
Q

Rank these from the best storage to most available for cell usage: ATP, Glycogen, Glucose, Fat (3)

A
  1. fat (roughly 2 1/2 x as much energy stored)
  2. glycogen (stored? just less than fats)
  3. glucose (readily used, but not stored)
  4. ATP (bad at storage, good for quick transfers)
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7
Q

Where is glycogen stored? (3)

A
  • liver (and kidney)
  • muscles
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8
Q

In order to store something. What do you need to be able to do? (4)

A

Your body has to be able to make it and break it down

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9
Q

What are enzymes in the cytoplasm responsible for? (4)

A

production and breakdown

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10
Q

If blood sugar is high -> ___ of glycogen (4)

A

synthesis

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11
Q

If blood sugar is low -> ___ of glycogen (4)

A

hydrolysis

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12
Q

Glycogenesis = (4)

A

synthesis

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13
Q

Glycogenolysis = (4)

A

hydrolysis

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14
Q

What is the intermediate of glucose -> glycogen? (glycogenesis) (5)

A

glucose 6-phosphate

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15
Q

Where does glycogenesis and glycogenolysis occur? (5)

A

liver, kidney, and muscle

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16
Q

What is gluconeogenesis? (6)

A

The making of glucose from precursors that are NOT carbohydrates

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17
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur? (6)

A

liver and kidney

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18
Q

What is the starting point of gluconeogenesis? (6)

A
  • mostly lactate
  • glycerol
  • some amino acids
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19
Q

Gluconeogenesis has the same enzymes as glycolysis except which ones? (7)

A

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase

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20
Q

Is PEP -> pyruvate reversible? (6)

A

No

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21
Q

What enzyme converts PEP to Pyruvate? (6)

A

pyruvate kinase

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22
Q

What are the steps of gluconeogenesis starting from lactate? How many lactate do you start with? (6)

A

lactate -> pyruvate -> acetyl CoA -> PEP -> glucose

  • you need 2 lactase
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23
Q

What does glucose 6-phosphatase do? (7)

A

it removes the phosphate group from glucose 6-phosphate

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24
Q

is gluconeogenesis anabolic or catabolic? (7)

A

anabolic (requires ATP)
- 2 pyruvate to 1 glucose takes 6 ATP

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25
Q

Why would your body use ATP to make glucose? (7)

A

To raise your blood sugar when it is low

26
Q

Is glycolysis anabolic or catabolic? (7)

A

Catabolic

27
Q

How are fatty acids catabolized since they cannot enter glycolysis? (8)

A

Fatty acids cannot enter glycolysis so it is broke down in the mitochondria during beta oxidation

28
Q

What is beta oxidation? (8)

A

breakdown of fatty acids in mitochondria

29
Q

What is the end product of beta oxidation? (8)

A
  • Acetyl CoA
  • reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2)
30
Q

How many ATP can come from one 18-C fatty acid? (8)

A

146 ATP

31
Q

How is glycerol catabolized? (8)

A

It enters glycolysis as an intermediate

32
Q

The synthesis of fatty acids is the reverse of what? (9)

A

catabolism or beta oxidation

33
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur? (9)

A

the cytoplasm

34
Q

Where do the Acetyl CoAs for fatty acid synthesis come from? (9)

A

from other biomolecules (such as glucose)

35
Q

What does the binding of Acetyl-CoAs do in the synthesis of fatty acids? (9)

A
  • lengthens carbon chain
  • adds 2 carbons each time
36
Q

Where does the glycerol come from for the synthesis of triglycerides? (9)

A

from intermediates if glycolysis

37
Q

What happens in the synthesis of triglycerides? (9)

A

links 3 fatty acids to alpha-glycerol phosphate

38
Q

Where does the synthesis of triglycerides occur? (9)

A

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

Can glucose be readily converted to fatty acids? If so, How? If not, why not? (10)

A

Yes
- glucose -> pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> Krebs cycle -> oxaloacetate -> glycerol -> triglyceride metabolism

40
Q

Can fatty acids be converted to glucose? If so, How? If not, why not? (10)

A

No
- fatty acids CAN be made into Acetyl-CoA and enter the Krebs cycle BUT those carbons will leave the cycle as CO2
OR
- having 1 Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA for krebs cycle leaves you with 0 oxaloacetate in the end and cannot be used to be converted to glucose

41
Q

What do proteases do? (11)

A

separate amino acids

42
Q

What does proteolysis do? (11)

A
  • removes end amino acids
  • breaks specific bonds
43
Q

What happens in protein metabolism? (11)

A

20 amino acids enter cellular respiration through various steps of glycolysis and krebs cycle

44
Q

What do proteins contain that other organic molecules do not? (12)

A

nitrogen (in addition to C, H, and O)

45
Q

What needs to be removed before proteins can enter glycolysis or krebs cycle? (12)

A

nitrogen

46
Q

What is an amino acid called after it loses its amine group? (12)

A

a keto acid

47
Q

What happens in oxidative deamination? (12)

A

An amino acid is turned into a keto acid by removing its amine group and making it into ammonia

48
Q

What happens in transamination? (12)

A

The amine group is moving from amino acid 1 to amino acid 2
- AA1 + keto acid 2 -> keto acid 1 + AA2

49
Q

Where is ammonia converted to urea? (12)

A

in the liver

50
Q

Where is urea removed? (12)

A

Bladder?

51
Q

Amino acids can be synthesized with opposite reactions. T/F (13)

A

True

52
Q

How many amino acids can the body produce? (13)

A

11

53
Q

What are the amino acids that have to be consumed (not produced) called?

A

essential amino acids (9 of them)

54
Q

Could valine get converted to glucose? Explain. (14)

A

valine introduces a new intermediate which can be converted to oxaloacetate which can be used to make glucose
(need 2 valines. 2C from 2 Val + 4C from oxa = the 3 C needed for PEP)

55
Q

Could leucine get converted to glucose? Explain. (14)

A

No, it gets broken down to acetyl CoA, and CoA cannot be used to build glucose.

56
Q

What is an essential nutrient? (16)

A

body cannot produce them, needs to be consumed

57
Q

How many essential nutrients do we have? (16)

A

about 50

58
Q

What are the categories of essential nutrients? (16)

A

Water, essential amino acid, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

59
Q

What is the difference between vitamins and minerals? (16)

A

vitamins are organic
minerals are on the periodic table

60
Q

Characteristics of vitamins? (16)

A
  • 14 essential organic nutrients
  • needed in very small amounts
  • various structures and functions (water vs fat soluble)
  • large intake does not enhance action
61
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble? (16)

A

A, E, D, and K

Physiology (15 decks)

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