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Physiology > Homeostasis (Topic 5) > Flashcards

Homeostasis (Topic 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is intracellular fluid? (2)

A

Inside the cell (cytosol)

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2
Q

What is extracellular fluid? (2)

A

Outside of the cell (plasma and interstitial fluid)

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3
Q

What is the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid? (2)

A
  • Plasma is in the blood vessels
  • interstitial fluid is outside of the blood vessels
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4
Q

What are some common physiological barriers that must be maintained in within a range? (3)

A
  • temperature
  • blood sugar
  • pH
  • salinity
  • blood pressure
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5
Q

What is dynamic constancy? (4)

A

Physiological variables can change dramatically over a 24-hr. period, but in average, remain stable in the long run

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6
Q

T/F. An organism may be homeostatic for one variable but not for another. (5)

A

true

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6
Q

T/F. An organism may be homeostatic for one variable but not for another. (5)

A

true

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7
Q

What is an example of homeostasis penalizing one variable to control another? (5)

A

sacrificing water balance to regulate temperature

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8
Q

What is heat stroke? (5)

A

When you run out of water to balance your temperature

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9
Q

What is pathophysiology? (5)

A

when one or more variables are not in homeostasis

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10
Q

How does the body respond to changes? (6)

A
  • behavioral changes
  • physiological regulation
  • tolerance
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11
Q

What is tolerance? (6)

A

Tolerating a variable that is slightly out of range

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12
Q

What is a behavioral change? (6)

A

A voluntary action
ex: moving into the shade

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13
Q

What is a physiological regulation? (6)

A

an involuntary action
ex: shivering and sweating

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14
Q

How does shivering help? (6)

A

muscles contract and use energy, then creates heat

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15
Q

how does body balance sensory input? (7)

A

Body balances sensory input with functional output

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16
Q

What is the set point? (7)

A

target value for the variable (average)

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17
Q

What is an error signal? (7)

A

difference between the true value and the set point

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18
Q

Why is homeostasis not perfect? (7)

A

The body varies (oscillates) within a range of normal values around a average value.

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19
Q

Practice slide 8 (flow chart of homeostatic control systems)

A

yay slide 8

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20
Q

What is steady state? (9)

A

when a variable is not changing (staying in range) but energy is added to keep it steady
Ex: Shivering

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21
Q

What is equilibrium? (9)

A

no change, no energy required
Ex: Perfect temperature room

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22
Q

What are feedback systems? (10)

A

Processes that are influenced by the amount of product

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23
Q

What is negative feedback? (10)

A

change in a variable that results in a response in the opposite direction
ex: increase in blood sugar; response is to lower blood sugar

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24
Q

What is positive feedback? (11)

A

a change in a variable that results in a response in the same direction

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25
Q

Which is most common, positive or negative feedback? (11)

A

negative feedback

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26
Q

What is positive feedback best for? (11)

A

Making things happen fast
ex: repairing damages
- platelets attract more and more platelets to heal a cut

27
Q

Does positive feedback directly maintain homeostasis? (11)

A

does not directly maintain homeostasis, but it is important to make some things happen quickly

28
Q

What does feedforward regulation depend on? (12)

A

Depends on sensory receptors that detect environmental change before an internal imbalance.

29
Q

What is an example of feedforward regulation? (12)

A

sweating as soon as you step outside when its hot, even though your body hasn’t had time to get hot

30
Q

What is an example is resetting of set points? (12)

A

A fever

31
Q

What is a set point reset? (12)

A

A set point changing

32
Q

What is feedforward regulation? (12)

A

Response of control system before the change in controlled physiological variable.

33
Q

What is a reflex?

A

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned responses

33
Q

What is a reflex? (13)

A

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned responses

34
Q

What is an example of a reflex? (13)

A

patellar reflex and pulling away from a hot stove

35
Q

What is a learned reflex? (13)

A

a response that is not “built in”; takes training

36
Q

What is an example of a learned reflex? (13)

A
  • dodging a softball to the face
  • hitting the brakes when driving and something jumps in front of you
37
Q

What is a stimulus?(13)

A

a detectable change in the internal or external environment

38
Q

What does a receptor do? (14)

A

detects the change

39
Q

What is the afferent pathway? (14)

A

brings stimulus to integrating center

40
Q

What does the integrating center do? (14)

A

decides to respond to stimulus

41
Q

What is the efferent pathway? (14)

A

takes stimulus away from the integrating center

42
Q

What does an effect do? (14)

A

produces response, commanded by the integrating center

43
Q

What are the two types of effectors? (14)

A

glands and muscles

44
Q

Do all reflexes follow the same pathway? (14)

A

Yes

45
Q

Practice slide 15 about the patellar reflex pathways

A

yay slide 15

46
Q

What are the two types of homeostatic responses? (17)

A

reflexes and local responses

47
Q

What is the difference between reflexes and local responses? (17)

A

Reflexes:
- long range
- can stimulate muscles and glands
Local Response:
- restricted to the location of the stimulus

48
Q

What can reflexes stimulate? (17)

A

muscles and glands

49
Q

What do glands do? (17)

A

secrete stuff

50
Q

What do endocrine glands do? (17)

A

secrete hormones

51
Q

What do exocrine glands do? (17)

A

secrete sweat and oil

52
Q

What is an example of a local response? (17)

A

when cells are metabolically active, they secrete substances that cause nearby blood vessels to dilate
(no signal to the brain or hormone coming from somewhere)

53
Q

What is an adaptation? (18)

A

a characteristic that favors survival in a specific environment

54
Q

Are adaptations inherited or learned?

A

inherited

55
Q

What is an example of an adaptation? (18)

A

the ability of raising body temperature by shivering

56
Q

What is acclimation? (18)

A

improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system based on an environmental stress.

57
Q

Can acclimation occur in an individual or only inherited? (18)

A

it can change in an individual

58
Q

What is an example if acclimatization? (18)

A

some wearing shorts in the cold vs sweaters in the cold due to where they have lived

59
Q

Can acclimatization be reversible? (18)

A

Not always

60
Q

What are biological rhythms? (19)

A

regular, periodic programmed changes in the set point value

60
Q

What are biological rhythms? (19)

A

regular, periodic programmed changes in the set point value

61
Q

What are examples of biological rhythms? (19)

A

Variation in alertness, body temp, hormone concentrations, urinary and digestive activity

62
Q

What is entrainment? (20)

A

biological rhythms are internally driven, but may cue on environmental factors to adjust timing
(JET LAG)

63
Q

What are ontogenetic shifts? (20)

A

developmental changes in set point values
- may or may not be desirable
- not reversible or cyclic

Physiology (15 decks)

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