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Physiology > Cardiovascular (Topic 11) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular (Topic 11) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main circulations of the cardiovascular system? (2)

A
  • pulmonary (lungs)
  • systemic (everywhere else)
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2
Q

What carries O-poor blood to the lungs and O-rich back to the heart? (3)

A

pulmonary loops

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3
Q

What carries O-rich blood from the heart and O-poor back to the heart? (3)

A

systemic loop

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4
Q

Is the cardiovascular open or closed system? (2)

A

closed

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5
Q

What are the kinds of blood vessels? (3)

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
  • vena cavae
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6
Q

Where do arteries carry blood? (3)

A

away from the heart

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7
Q

Where do veins carry blood? (3)

A

to the heart

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8
Q

Go over slide 4

A

okkk

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9
Q

What causes valves to open and close? (5)

A

pressure differences

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10
Q

What is prolapse? (5)

A

What happens when there is too much pressure in the ventricles and the AV valves open backwards (up)
- (valve pushed up into the atria during ventricular contraction)

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11
Q

chordae tendinea and papillary muscles work together to do what? (5)

A

work together to prevent prolapse

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12
Q

What is the heart innervated by? (6)

A

innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers

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13
Q

What do sympathetic nerve fibers release? (6)

A

Norepinephrine (↑♥rate, ↑contractility, ↑conduction rate)

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14
Q

What do parasympathetic nerve fibers release? (6)

A

acetylcholine (decrease ♥rate, decrease contractility, decrease conduction rate)

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15
Q

Practice slide 7

A

uh huh honey

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16
Q

What is the conducting system? (8)

A

electrical contact with muscle cells

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17
Q

How does the electrical signal get from cell to cell? (8)

A

Gap Junctions

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18
Q

What does the Sinoatrial node (SA) “pacemaker” do? (8)

A
  • controls the electrical impulses which cause contraction.
  • Cells in SA node have faster cycling and drive the other node cells.
  • in the atria
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19
Q

What do node cells do? (8)

A

spontaneous cyclic depolarization
- do not require input or signal

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20
Q

What does the Atrioventricular node (AV) do? (8)

A

delays the stimulus (100 ms)

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21
Q

What does the bundle of His do? (8)

A

transmits the stimulus to the ventricles
- right and left bundle branches

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22
Q

What do the perkinje fibers do? (8)

A

distribute the stimulus to myocardial cells

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23
Q

What does the P-wave account for? (10)

A

atrial depolarization

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24
Q

What does the QRS-complex account for? (10)

A

ventricular depolarization
- Atrial repolarization is masked by QRS
- Abnormal trace reveals abnormal heart function

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25
Q

What does the T-wave account for? (10)

A

ventricular repolarization

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26
Q

What is an arrhythmia? (11)

A

uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions (electrical signaling).
- Can be treated with medication or go untreated ( cause common)

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27
Q

What is atrial fibrillation (disorder)? (11)

A

rapid and irregular contractions not controlled by SA node.
- An atrial fibrillation can cause clotting and inefficient filling of the ventricles.
- A ventricular fibrillation is life threatening.

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28
Q

What is atrial defibrillation (treatment)? (11)

A

application of an electrical stimulus to “reset” the cells.

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29
Q

What do pacemakers do? (11)

A

The device delivers the electrical stimulus rather than the SA node.
- stronger than SA node so it overrides it
- for chronic issues

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30
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? (12)

A

all the events involved with the blood flow through the heart during one heart beat.

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31
Q

What is systole? (12)

A

the contraction phase.
- Isovolumetric contraction: volume constant, valves closed
- Ventricular ejection: valve opens, blood flows out

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32
Q

What is diastole? (12)

A

the relaxation phase.
- Isovolumetric relaxation: volume constant, valves closed
- Ventricular filling: AV valves open

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33
Q

What happens when ventricles relax? (13)

A
  • Pressure DECREASE
  • AV valves OPEN
  • semilunar valves CLOSE
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34
Q

What happens when ventricles contract? (13)

A
  • Pressure INCREASE
  • AV valves CLOSE
  • semilunar valves OPEN
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35
Q

What are the two sounds normally heard with a stethoscope? (15)

A

“lub” closure of the AV valves
“dub” closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
- any other sounds are heart murmurs

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36
Q

What are most heart murmurs caused by? (16)

A

defects of the valves
- Insufficiency (imperfect closure) then a swishing sound is heard.
- Stenosis (narrowed) a high pitched sound or a click can be heard.

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37
Q

What is laminar flow? (16)

A

smooth and quiet
- cannot be heard

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38
Q

What is turbulent flow? (16)

A

narrowed valve/ murmur
- can be heard

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39
Q

What is turbulent backflow? (16)

A

leaky valve/ murmur
- can be heard

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40
Q

What is cardiac output? (17)

A

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

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41
Q

What is heart rate? (17)

A

beat per minute

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42
Q

What is stroke volume? (17)

A

volume per beat

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43
Q

What is cardiac output formula? (17)

A

CO (vol/min) = HR x SV

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44
Q

What is the normal cardiac output? (17)

A

5.25 L/Min

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45
Q

If blood volume drops or if the heart weakens, then SV ______ and CO is maintained by ______HR (18)

A
  • declines
  • increasing
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46
Q

In a healthy system SV is _______ (18)

A

fairly constant

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47
Q

What is positive chronotropic factors? (18)

A

increase heart rate

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48
Q

What is negative chronotropic factors? (18)

A

decrease heart rate

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49
Q

How is heart rate controlled? (18)

A

by the input from the nervous system

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50
Q

How to calculate stroke volume? (19)

A

the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume
- SV = EDV - ESV

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51
Q

How much blood does the heart pump? (19)

A

pumps about 60% of the blood in its chambers (~70 mL).

52
Q

What is stroke volume influenced by? (19)

A
  • Preload
  • Magnitude of sympathetic stimulation to the ventricles
  • Afterload
53
Q

What is preload? (19)

A

volume of blood in heart before contraction

54
Q

What is afterload? (19)

A

arterial pressure that the heart is pumping against
(the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to force open the semilunar valves)

55
Q

What is the frank-starling mechanism? (20)

A

heart muscles produce maximal power when more stretched than at rest.

56
Q

What happens to Stroke Volume as End-diastolic volume increases? (20)

A

stroke volume increases

57
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect cardiac output? (21)

A
  • increases stroke volume because it increases contractility
  • also increases heart rate
58
Q

Why would a more forceful contraction expel more blood with each pump? (21)

A

the ventricles are never completely empty of blood

59
Q

What can increase afterload? (22)

A

Anything that increases systemic or pulmonary arterial pressure
ex: hypertension

60
Q

What is hypertension? (22)

A

high blood pressure
- above 140/90
Primary causes:
- High blood volume (usually due to high sodium levels)
- Decreased arterial compliance

61
Q

What is arteriosclerosis? (23)

A

Thickening or hardening of the arteries. It results is the loss of elasticity (happens with age)

62
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

forming of plaques
- as it gets thicker, lumin gets smaller and can cause blockage (also reduces compliance/less stretchy)
- a specific type of arteriosclerosis

63
Q

What is coronary artery disease? (24)

A

atherosclerosis of arteries that supply the heart tissue

64
Q

What is a myocardial infarction? (25)

A

heart attack
- tissue damage due to decreased blood supply

65
Q

What is a stroke? (25)

A

tissue damage in the brain

66
Q

What are the two types of strokes? (25)

A
  • hemorrhagic: due to a blood leak (tear of vessel)
  • ischemic: plaque build-up
67
Q

What is an echocardiogram? (26)

A

Noninvasive technique that uses ultrasonic waves. This technique can detect the abnormal functioning of cardiac valves or contractions of the cardiac walls, and can also be used to measure ejection fraction.

68
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse? (26)

A

left AV valve (mitral valve) prolapses (pushed open backwards)
- Blood leaking back into the atrium
- Reducing cardiac output
- Arrhythmia
- Perhaps increasing risk of endocardial infection

69
Q

What are the different types of arteries? (27)

A
  • Elastic arteries
  • Muscular arteries
  • Arterioles
70
Q

What is the endothelium? (27)

A

the inner lining of all blood vessels

71
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins? (27)

A
  • Arteries have thicker, smooth-muscle walls (smaller opening)
72
Q

What are capillaries composed of? (27)

A

simple squamous epithelial cells (just the endothelium lining)

73
Q

What is systolic? (28)

A

Maximum arterial pressure occurs peak ventricular ejection

74
Q

What is diastolic? (28)

A

minimum pressure occurs just before ventricular ejection begins

75
Q

What is pulse pressure? (28)

A

= systolic - diastolic

76
Q

Arterial mean and pulse pressure ______ with downstream distance from the heart (28)

A

decreases

77
Q

Pressures in systemic mostly _____ than in pulmonary circulation (28)

A

higher

78
Q

Review graph on 28

A

arteries: systemic circulation pressure is generally a lot higher than pulmonary(it takes greater pressure to get blood to your extremities)
arterioles: drops
capillaries: drops more
venules: considerably lower than arteries
veins: systolic drops lower than pulmonary

79
Q

How to calculate compliance (29)

A

delta volume / delta pressure

80
Q

The higher the compliance of a structure, the ___ easily it can be stretched. (29)

A

more

81
Q

What are arteries often called? Why? (29)

A

pressure reservoirs
- reservoirs because of the elastic recoil. They are not as compliant as veins.

82
Q

What are characteristics of elastic arteries? (30)

A
  • The major example of an elastic artery is the aorta.
  • Large lumen vessels (low resistance) that contain more elastin than the muscular arteries.
  • Serve as “pressure reservoirs” ‒‒ they expand and contract (recoil) as blood is ejected by the heart. This allows blood flow to be continuous.
83
Q

What would happen if your aorta did not have large compliance? (30)

A
  • the aorta could rupture
84
Q

What are characteristics of muscular arteries? (30)

A
  • Deliver blood to specific organs (mesenteric artery, renal artery etc.).
  • Have the most smooth muscle and are very active in vasoconstriction.
  • Play a large role in the regulation of blood pressure.
85
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure? Hypertensive? Hypotensive? (31)

A
  • Normal = 120 /80 mmHg
  • hypertensive = 140/90 mm Hg
  • hypotensive = 90/60 mm Hg
86
Q

What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure as we get older? (31)

A
  • systolic increases
  • diastolic decreases
87
Q

Why does arteriosclerosis cause its effect on systolic and diastolic pressure? (31)

A
88
Q

Go over slide 32

A

oh yeah blood pressure taking

89
Q

How do you hear Korotkoff/s sounds? (32)

A

Sphygmomanometer for pressure + stethoscope to hear

90
Q

Characteristics of arterioles (33)

A
  • Smallest arteries.
  • Function controlled by neural, hormonal, paracrine.
  • Control minute-to-minute blood flow into the capillary beds.
  • If they contract, reduced blood flow
  • If they dilate, increased blood flow
91
Q

What is the formula for flow? (34)

A

delta P / R

92
Q

How do you decrease flow if pressure stays the same? (34)

A

vasoconstriction

93
Q

How do you increase flow if pressure stays the same? (34)

A

vasodilation

94
Q

What are capillaries? (35)

A

smallest blood vessels and sites of exchange

94
Q

What are capillaries? (35)

A

smallest blood vessels and sites of exchange

95
Q

What are the three types of capillaries? (35)

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoidal
96
Q

Characteristics of continuous capillaries (35)

A

found in skin, muscle
most common kind have tight junctions.

97
Q

Characteristics of fenestrated capillaries (35)

A

more permeable — intestines, hormone-producing tissues, kidneys, etc.

98
Q

Characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries (35)

A
  • only one with an incomplete basement membrane
  • found in the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
99
Q

Go over anatomy of a capillary on slide 36

A

uh huh

100
Q

What do metarterioles do? (36)

A
  • connects arteriole to venule
  • capillaries exit from them
101
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do? (36)

A
  • controls blood flow through the capillary bed by local metabolic factors
102
Q

What has to move across the capillary? (37)

A

CO2?
Glucose?
O2?

103
Q

What is the main mode of transport in capillaries? (37)

A

diffusion:
- lipid soluble cross the membrane
- water soluble passes through water-filled channels (pores) in the endothelium

also Vesicle transport and Bulk flow

104
Q

What capillary movement only occurs in the brain? (37)

A

mediated transport (blood-brain barrier)

105
Q

What is bulk flow? (38)

A
  • movement of protein-free plasma
  • Distributes the extracellular fluid volume.
  • Direction of flow: net hydrostatic pressure and the net osmotic pressure.
106
Q

Explain filtration and absorption in terms of bulk flow (38)

A
  • more filtration (plasma to interstitial fluid) on arteriole side
  • more absorption (interstitial fluid to plasma) on venule side
  • When fluid gets filtered out, it leaves solutes in capillary resulting in high osmotic pressure
  • From arteriole to venule: decrease blood pressure, increase osmotic pressure
107
Q

Characteristics of veins (39)

A
  • The walls are thinner than arteries, so they often appear collapsed in Histological slides.
  • veins have less smooth muscle than arteries
  • Veins are highly distensible (more compliant), so they act as blood reservoirs.
  • veins have valves to keep blood from flowing backwards
  • Blood pressure in veins is 10-15 mmHg. (weak)
108
Q

What maintains the pressure and returns blood to the heart in veins? (40)

A
  • Smooth muscle contractions (Sympathetic nervous system)
  • Skeletal muscle pump (with valves)
  • Respiratory pump
109
Q

What are varicose veins? (40)

A

veins that have become dilated and tortuous because of incompetent (leaky) valves.

110
Q

What is blood made of? (41)

A

cells and cell fragments
- erythrocytes (RBC)
- leukocytes (WBC)
- platelets

111
Q

What is plasma made of? (41)

A
  • proteins
  • ions
  • glucose and other nutrients
112
Q

What is a hematocrit? (41)

A

% of components
- plasma 55%
- Buffy coat
- erythrocytes 45%

113
Q

What is normal blood volume? (41)

A

5.5L

114
Q

Go over slide 42

A

ok

115
Q

What are eryhtrocytes? (43)

A

red blood cells

116
Q

What are leukocytes? (43)

A

White blood cells

117
Q

What do all blood cells come from? (44)

A

All blood cells come from a single population of bone marrow cells

118
Q

What is hemopoiesis? (44)

A

production of blood cells and platelets from bone cells

119
Q

What is a megakaryocyte? (44)

A

basically a giant platelets
- platelets are small pieces of megakaryocytes

120
Q

Characteristics of erythrocytes (RBC) (45)

A
  • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane.
  • Cell Lifespan:
    - Produced in bone marrow
    - Lose nucleus and most organelles during
    maturation
    - Circulate for 120 days
    - Destroyed in spleen and kidney
121
Q

What is hemoglobin? (45)

A
  • Molecule that carries O2 and CO2
  • Contains 4 iron atoms
    • Needed in diet, 25% stored in liver
122
Q

Why is the biconcave shape of RBC important? (45)

A

it increases surface area for gas exchange

123
Q

What are the physiological process to stop bleeding? (46)

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • formation of platelet plug
  • blood coagulation (clotting)
123
Q

What are the physiological process to stop bleeding? (46)

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • formation of platelet plug
  • blood coagulation (clotting)
124
Q

What is blood clotting? (47)

A

Blood converted into solid gel called clot or thrombus
- Occurs around platelet plug
- Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism

Physiology (15 decks)

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